Chapter 4 Atomic structure. Aristotle Democritus About 400BC Matter made of individual pieces “ATOMOS”

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 4 Atomic structure

Aristotle

Democritus About 400BC Matter made of individual pieces “ATOMOS”

Dalton Explored 2000 yrs of chemistry knowledge Atomic Theory – Atoms – Different elements…different atoms – Atoms REARRANGED in reactions – Compounds always built the same way from the same atoms: – Water is 2 H and 1 O

Thomson Discovered ELECTRON – Cathode Ray – Negative particle Atoms are neutral…. – Must be positive material in there too. ALL metals have SAME ELECTRONS!

Rutherford Tried to prove Thomson’s Model GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT “Discovered” the NUCLEUS – Tiny – Positive

4.2 Atomic Structure

Our View of the Atom

Henry Moseley (died WW1) Student of Rutherford Elements are different because of different # of PROTONS ATOM IDENTITY IS TIED TO # OF PROTONS ALL CARBON HAVE SAME # of PROTONS! ALL NOT-CARBON HAVE DIFFERENT # of PROTONS FROM CARBON! ALL CARBON HAVE SAME # of PROTONS! ALL NOT-CARBON HAVE DIFFERENT # of PROTONS FROM CARBON!

Think! Nitrogen has 7 protons An atom has 6 protons… An atom has 7 protons… An atom has 5 neutrons… A neutral atom has 7 electrons… A neutral atom has 7 neutrons… An ion has 7 protons… OK It’s not N It’s N It’s ID isn’t known It’s N It’s ID isn’t known It’s N

ATOMIC NUMBER Tells the # of protons Usually above the symbol on the Periodic Table For a Neutral Atom Protons = Electrons 7 N

Try It OxygenCesium (Cs)Fluorine (F)Lead (Pb)Silver (Ag) 8 p+55 p+9 p+82 p+47 p+ 8 e-55 e-9 e-82 e-47 e-

Try It OxygenCesium (Cs)Fluorine (F)Lead (Pb)Silver (Ag) 8 p+55 p+9 p+82 p+47 p+ 8 e-55 e-9 e-82 e-47 e-

Try It OxygenCesium (Cs)Fluorine (F)Lead (Pb)Silver (Ag) 8 p+55 p+9 p+82 p+47 p+ 8 e-55 e-9 e-82 e-47 e-

Try It OxygenCesium (Cs)Fluorine (F)Lead (Pb)Silver (Ag) 8 p+55 p+9 p+82 p+47 p+ 8 e-55 e-9 e-82 e-47 e-

Try It OxygenCesium (Cs)Fluorine (F)Lead (Pb)Silver (Ag) 8 p+55 p+9 p+82 p+47 p+ 8 e-55 e-9 e-82 e-47 e-

Try It OxygenCesium (Cs)Fluorine (F)Lead (Pb)Silver (Ag) 8 p+55 p+9 p+82 p+47 p+ 8 e-55 e-9 e-82 e-47 e- GOOD JOB EVERYONE

Mass Number Not found on the Periodic Table (usually) TOTAL Number of particles in the Nucleus Protons + Neutrons Written 2 ways: 12 C 6 Carbon - 12

Try it 11 B 206 Pb Iodine-131 Boron-11 5 protons 6 neutrons Lead protons 124 neutrons 53 protons 78 neutrons 131 I

Isotopes Same element Different Mass # Different number of neutrons NameProtonsneutrons Carbon-1266 Carbon-1468

Isotopes Same element Different Mass # Different number of neutrons NameProtonsneutrons Carbon-1266 Carbon-1468

Isotopes Same element Different Mass # Different number of neutrons NameProtonsneutrons Carbon-1266 Carbon-1468

Isotopes How many Isotopes? 4 What are their names? Strontium-84 Strontium-86 Strontium-87 Strontium-88 Which is most common? Strontium-88

Mercury

Ions CATION Positive Lost electron(s) 20 protons 22 neutrons 18 electrons ANION Negative Gained electron(s) 16 protons 17 neutrons 19 electrons

4.3 The Modern Atom ENERGY ABSORBED? – KE of atom (temp change) – PE of atom (phase change) – Can be absorbed in one form and emitted as… LIGHT!LIGHT!

4.3 The Modern Atom Niels Bohr Model linked e- energy to light energy. “Planetary” Model nucleus electron ENERGY LEVELS orbits the nucleus

High Energy is far from nucleus Low Energy is close to nucleus Bohr’s Genius Idea: Electrons may only be on the levels (like stairs) But may change levels

Jumpy electrons? Absorb Release

Click my brain to see what I’m thinking.

Sorry, Let me collect my thoughts and we’ll try again.

Energy Levels Numbered: n = 1 is CLOSEST LOWEST ENERGY MOST ATTRACTED n = 4 is FARTHER HIGHER ENERGY LESS ATTRACTED n = 17?

Energy Levels Energy Level# electrons n = 12 n = 28 n = 318 n = 432 Each Level has a maximum e- capacity.

Energy Levels Energy Level# electrons n = 12 n = 28 n = 318 n = 432 Each Level has a maximum e- capacity.

Energy Levels Energy Level# electrons n = 12 n = 28 n = 318 n = 432 Each Level has a maximum e- capacity.

Energy Levels Energy Level# electrons n = 12 n = 28 n = 318 n = 432 Each Level has a maximum e- capacity.

Energy Levels Energy Level# electrons n = 12 n = 28 n = 318 n = 432 Each Level has a maximum e- capacity.

Ground State Occurs when atom’s electrons have LOWEST POSSIBLE ENERGY HELIUM 2 electrons

Lithium 3 electrons

Carbon 6 electrons

Sodium 11 electrons Any Similarities to Lithium?

TRUE/FALSE Electrons in energy levels Electrons change energy Electrons orbit nucleus (planet) TRUE (thanks Bohr) FALSE (sorry Bohr) Bohr’s ENERGY IDEA = CORRECT Bohr’s PICTURE = NOT CORRECT

CLOUD MODEL