Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change Stearns, Chapter 22 or 28 Janet R. Martin W.T. Woodson HS

1500s Europeans arrive in East & Southeast Asia Asia not much affected at first  China & Japan strong enough to resist

Vasco da Gama 1498 voyage to India  Opened the way east for Europeans Europe had little to trade Asians not interested in Christianity

Limits to European success Sea power allowed:  Control of spice exports  Regulation of some areas in Asian trade network  Europe participation, not control  Tribute regimes

Portuguese empire

Dutch trading empire,

Overall, South & Southeast Asia  Europeans stronger,  But most Asians kept control East Asia  Ming China & Tokugawa Japan dominant

Japan Governed since 1100s by shogunates  Military governments 1300-early 1400s  Order breaking down  Independent feudal states in conflict

Nobunaga ( ) One of first daimyos  Innovative & fierce  Extensive use of firearms After his defeat, his generals gained control of Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi ( )

Toyotomi Hideyoshi Attacks Korea 1592, 1597 Defeated by Admiral Yi Sun- Sin “Turtle Boats”  First ironclad warships

Tokugawa Ieyasu ( ) 1 st of 15 Tokugawa shoguns 1603  Capital at Edo (Tokyo)  Brought all daimyos under his authority  Civil wars ended

“The nightingale does not sing!” Nobunaga  “We will kill it.” Toyotomi Hideyoshi  “We will wait.” Tokugawa Ieyasu  “We will teach it.”

Edo castle

Tokugawa years Great Peace through dictatorship Monopoly on gunpowder technology Rigid class system

Restricted Europeans’ access to Japan 1500s: Portuguese, Spanish Dutch arrived Traders & missionaries  Francis Xavier By 1614, up to 300,000 converts  10% of population  “Portuguese arrive in Japan” Thomas Kostecki

Shoguns distrusted Christianity Restrictions began 1580s  Missionaries ordered to leave  1590s persecution began  Banned Monument to Nagasaki martyrs

1649 Japan closed to foreigners By 1630s, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas Only Nagasaki open to foreign merchants  Dutch post on Deshima Island Western books banned

Shogunate’s accomplishments Peace restored Population grew Roads, canals, internal economy grew Tokugawas dynamic through mid-1700s  Inflexibility  Mid-1800s: Japan forced open by foreign powers (U.S. Commodore Perry)  Tokugawa rule ended 1868

Ming Dynasty Ruled world’s most populous state Restored ethnic Chinese rule after 400 years’ foreign domination

Founder Zhu Yuanzhang  Peasant origins  Buddhist monk Military commander in revolt against Mongols Became Hongwu emperor  Laws favorable to peasants

Hall of Harmony

Dragon throne

Peak of cultural grandeur & elegance Confucianism revived Civil service exams reinstated, expanded Return to scholar-gentry dominance Kaifeng Zhuxi (Neoconfucian)

Foreign relations: Most dynamic dynasty 1300s-1400s: active in conquering neighbors Population growth based on new American crops  Corn  Potato  Sweet potato  (Cotton) Ming peasant with wheelbarrow

Great Wall Final & lasting reconstruction Built last 1000 kilometers

Culture Principal strength in 1500s-1600s Art & literature  Novels Silk Porcelain

Ming porcelain Emperors were biggest customers Prized by wealthy across Eurasia Rougher, more durable pieces sold to foreigners  For silver  American silver gave Europeans much greater access to Chinese markets

Europeans began arriving Portuguese, then Spanish China was too big to conquer  Established trading houses Chinese image of 18 th -century European sailor

Matteo Ricci Jesuit priest & scholar  Respected by Chinese Traveled in China   Adopted Chinese dress  Learned language Appointed court mathematician & astronomer Little success in spreading Christianity

Voyages of discovery Zheng He Mongol, eunuch 7 naval voyages,

7 Voyages of Zheng He

Zhenghe’s fleet 1 st expedition:  62 large ships  200 smaller ships  men

Compared to Europeans Zheng He’s ships 400 feet long Santa Maria 85 feet

Why did they stop? Interesting but not practical  Giraffes, zebras Glamorous but expensive Analogy: US cut back space program

Chinese/European point of view Chinese:  Emperor: curious, ambitious  Merchants opposed—China is rich already  Scholar gentry opposed waste of money threat to their power Confucian bias against merchants & trade Europeans: wide support  Increase national & personal wealth, power  Spread Christianity

Fall of Ming Poor leadership Internal corruption Peasant revolts Manchu (Northern nomads) invaded  Founded Qing dynasty

Qing Dynasty Last dynasty  Kangxi Emperor