Understanding Seldom Heard Voices John Mckinnon Senior Lecturer University of Lincoln

Learning Outcomes Increase self awareness Appreciate the importance of self awareness to sound professional practice. Progress from description to critical reflection on an experience.

Self Awareness and the Conscious Being (Damassio,1999; Goleman,1995; McQueen,2004) Consciousness distinct from levels of wakefulness. A Sense of Self Identity (past present and future) Knowledge of One’s Motives and Presentation Part of Social Competence and the ‘Art of Life’ Related to Empathy The Role of Culture and Values

Who are you and where do you come from? Where did you grow up? What sort of person were you as a child? How has this changed and what things remain the same? Talk about What makes you feel happy? What makes you sad? What makes you angry? What makes you frustrated What makes you feel passionate? What do the answers to the questions above tell you about the sort of person you are? List the things that have influenced you as a person Your parents and other family? Other relationships? Your religion or code of life ethics? Entertainment personalities and media?

Talk about how someone who likes you would describe your personality. Now talk about how someone who dislikes you would describe your personality. The chances are the truth lies somewhere in between these two perspectives on you! So having thought about the two different views of yourself- talk about the sort of person you want to be You Strengths Your Weaknesses The Opportunities you have in life Barriers the could prevent you getting where you want to go How you might you overcome the barriers you’ve identified including the help and support you might recruit.

1. Describe your physical appearance. Short, Tall or Medium Height? Small Large or Medium Frame? The Colour of your Eyes Your Hair Skin Tone/ Colour 2. Describe your voice Tone Usual Volume Accent 3. Think about what you do and say when you approach someone to speak to them for the first time. How often do you smile? Do you have a stare? How do you greet them ‘physically’? (Shake hands? Nod your head?) What do you say to them? (Use a greeting? Just start talking?) Now go back over numbers 1-3 and think and talk about this appears and impacts on others. In each area think and talk about the advantages and disadvantages for you. What can you change? What can you adjust? What effect would those changes and adjustments have on how you present to others?

Comfort Break 10 minutes Thank you

What is Reflection? “Reflective practice is an active process whereby the professional can gain an understanding of how historical, social, cultural, cognitive and personal experiences have contributed to professional knowledge acquisition and practice. An examination of such factors yields an opportunity to identify new potentials within practice, thus challenging the constraints of habituated thoughts and practices. ….Through the exploration of individual and social behaviour and experiences, there is scope to gain insights to challenge and guide professional practice.” Wilkinson (1999:36)

Kolb (1984) Concrete Experience (grasping via apprehension) Reflective Observation Abstract Conceptualisation (grasping via comprehension ) Active Experimentation Transformation via extension Transformation via intention Divergent Knowledge Accommodative Knowledge Assimilative Knowledge Convergent Knowledge

Divergent Knowers Concentrate on Experience Intuitive Good Imagination Able to view a situation from a number of perspectives How you saw it first time Revisiting what happened in more detail How you see it now

Assimilative Knowers Skilled in Reflection Sound grasp of theory and concepts Why does this matter? What is it about? Laying out the basic principles

Convergent Knower Good Problem Solver Able to assimilate concepts Able to transfer principles from one context to another Laying out the basic principles Think through new ways of doing things Checking the Existing Evidence Base

Accommodative Knowers Active Experimentation Creative Intuitive Getting out and trying it. Making room for new ways of knowing and doing

Reflection- Some Issues The Power of Personal Knowledge The Myth of Objectivity Cognitive Bias - Hindsight - Confirmation - Introspection

“ There is no such thing as value-free work, only workers who have not stopped to think what their values are” Mullender and Ward (1991) Critical Reflection

A Broader and Deeper Picture Connecting the experience with the self and the world at large Challenges Assumptions and Prejudice Pursue, Extract, Uncloak, Decode and Inform Social, Ethical, Cultural, Psychological and Political Themes

The Spiral of Critical Reflection (Motohari, 2008) Psychological Issues Cultural Issues Ethical and Legal Issues Social Issues Political Issues

More Group Work 1.Process the case study through critical reflection using the ‘spiral menu guide’. 2.Discuss the social, psychological, cultural, ethical and political issues arising from the case study. 3.How might professional practice be better informed to work effectively with this family? 4.Feedback to the group.

Further Reading McKinnon, J.(2016) Reflection for Nursing Life: Principles, Process and Practice. Oxford. Routledge