Chapter 13 Hallucinogens

HALLUCINOGEN TERMS SYNTHESIA PSYCHODELIC PSYCHOTOMIMETIC ANIMISM PHANTASTICA

Types of Hallucinogens LSD Albert Hoffman discovered LSD in 1938 when researching a cure for migraine headaches In the late 1940s LSD was used in psychological and military experiments Harvard Professor Timothy Leary popularized LSD for recreational use in the 1960s

LSD Odorless, Colorless, Tasteless Three Phases to an LSD Trip Phase I (1-2 hours) Euphoria Laughter, Crying

LSD Phase II (2-3 hours) Hallucinations Phase III (3-4 hours) Time Distortion Mood Swings Panic Depression

Peyote  Peyote comes from a cactus (the dried cactus is called a mescal button)  Mescaline is the psychoactive agent in Peyote  Peyote intoxication is marked first by contentment and sensitivity and second a calming effect

 Peyote takes minutes to take effect and stays in the body about 10 hours.  The hallucinogenic effect lasts about 2 hours  Tolerance to mescaline forms quickly and there is a cross-tolerance between mescaline and LSD

Salvinorin A  New hallucinogenic drug  Derived from Sage family  Used in spiritual practices by Mazatec Indians Mexico  When smoked salvinorin A produces a psychoactive effect that last about 15 minutes. Effects when ingested are less intense but last about an hour

 It is not illegal but the Federal government has put it on it’s list of drug of concern

Psilocybin Psilocybin (“schrooms”) -Mushrooms found in Mexico, U.S., South America and Southest Asia -Potency of mushrooms vary -Small doses (4 mg) induces a euphoria and relaxation. Higher doses induce a distortion of space and time -Hallucinations produced are both visual and auditory

DMT DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) Naturally Occurring Substance Usually Snorted or Smoked Causes Intense Visual Hallucinations for about 30 minutes “Businessman’s Special)

Morning Glory Seeds Morning Glory Seeds (Ololiuqui) Contain LSD Like Substance Several Hundred Seeds Needed to Get High With Dose So Large User Gets Very Nauseated Not a Popular Hallucinogen

Belladonna, Mandrake, Datura BELLADONNA, MANDRAKE, DATURA These Plants Contain scopolamine and atropine. Acetylcholine is blocked and helps regulate reflexes. Used in Medicine (Parkinson’s Disease), Asthma

Ecstasy Not Approved by FDA Schedule I Drug Destroys Serotonergic Neurons And Can Result in Brain Damage “Love Drug” Used Widely in Raves

PCP PCP (PHENCYCLIDINE) DEVELOPED IN LATE 1950’S AS A DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETIC BAD PATIENT RESPONSE VETERINARY USES TO IMMOBILIZE LARGE ANIMALS AND AS AN ANESTHETIC

PCP DANGEROUS DRUG DOSE/RESPONSE: 2-5 mg (Low): stimulation (Moderate): sensory experiences combative behavior 20+ mg (High): Coma & Convulsions

OTHER HALLUCINOGENS KETAMINE Close Relative to PCP Used as a Surgical Anesthetic and to Control Severe Pain Ketamine is injected or smoked Hallucinations Last About 6 hours Same Behavior Problems as PCP

DESIGNER DRUGS DESIGNER DRUGS ARE CHEMICAL ANALOGUES EXAMPLES A. MDMA (Ecstasy, XTC) B. Fentanyl Analogues

“Club Drugs” MDMA (Ecstasy) GHB Ketamine Rohypnol Methamphetamine LSD

OTHER HALLUCINOGENS BUFOTENIN “TOAD-LICKING”

Summary  Hallucinogens are capable of creating a false perception of sensory events  LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, DMT, PCP, and Ketamine are all examples of hallucinogens  Salvintorin A is a new hallucinogen and on the Federal list of drugs of concern

 Psilocybin is the hallucinogen in “schrooms”  Designer drugs are chemical analogs and ecstasy is a popular designer drug  Club drugs are drugs used in nightclub or RAVE settings many of which are hallucinogens