2 1 Montezuma Quail ART

“Bird-Man of Lascaux” (17,000 yrs ago)

ART Egypt Cambodia 21 Australia

ART 22 Inca 23 Aztec

18 Pacific Northwest Inuit 24 Navajo 25 ART

DANCE Choctaw Eagle Dance 26 Taos Eagle Dance 27

DANCE 31 “Swan Lake”

LITERATURE

28 LITERATURE 29

FILMS 31 43

CARTOONS 32

9 10 Great Auk FOOD 8 Neanderthal (50,000-90,000 yrs ago)

First Duck Decoys (3,500 to 1,000 years ago) FOOD (Lovelock Cave, Nevada) 11

FOOD Chicken Domestication: India: 3200 B.C. Egypt: 1500 B.C. (Red Junglefowl) 20

FOOD Cortes Expedition (1519)

“Ornithology” – Study of Birds 3

Aristotle (324 – 322 BC) 4

5 6 Aristotle: Nest Parasitism European Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)

Aristotle: Migration 7

“THE ART OF FALCONRY” Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (1248)

Christopher Columbus (1492) Oct. 8 – There were many small Land-birds and {the sailors] took one which was flying to the south-west. There were jays, ducks, and a pelican. (Observations in the Bahamas)

Cabeza de Vaca (1528) (Observations in Florida) “Geese in great numbers. Ducks, mallards, royal ducks, flycatchers, night herons and Partridges abound. We saw many falcons, Gerfalcons, sparrowhawks, merlins”

Castenada ( ) Observed turkeys and eagles in Arizona Observed cranes, geese, crows, and blackbirds in New Mexico (Coronado Expedition)

John White (1585) (Roanoke, VA Colony) 34 Paints series of watercolors of birds (not shown)

William Bradford ( ) (Governor of Plymouth, MA colony) 33 Noted abundant wild turkey and waterfowl populations in 1621, decreases in waterfowl populations’ thereafter.

35 36 “The Ornithology of Francis Willughby” Francis Willughby (1678)

37 “The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands” Mark Catesby ( ; )

Eagle proposed as Official Symbol of the United States (1776)

Benjamin Franklin wrote: I wish that the bald eagle had not been chosen as the representative of our country, he is a bird of bad moral character, he does not get his living honestly, you may have seen him perched on some dead tree, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the labor of the fishing-hawk, and when that diligent bird has at length taken a fish, and is bearing it to its nest for the support of his mate and young ones, the bald eagle pursues him and takes it from him.... Besides he is a rank coward; the little kingbird, not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district. He is therefore by no means a proper emblem for the brave and honest... of America.... For a truth, the turkey is in comparison a much more respectable bird, and withal a true original native of America... a bird of courage, and would not hesitate to attack a grenadier of the British guards, who should presume to invade his farmyard with a red coat on

38 39 Alexander Wilson (early 1800s) “American Ornithology” (8 volumes) *320 Species of American Birds on 76 Plates (Crowded) *Detailed observations, notes on colors of fresh specimens, etc.

John James Audubon ( ) “Birds of America”(4 Volumes, 435 Engravings) Birds painted from fresh specimens Birds often painted in habitat context

51 52 Audubon’s Oriole Yellow-Rumped Warbler (Audubon’s Warbler)

44 45 Lewis and Clark Expedition (Early 1800s)

46 47 Lewis and Clark (Continued)

48 49 Lewis’s WoodpeckerClark’s Nutcracker

Additional Expeditions West (1800s) 53 52

55 Baird’s Sparrow Cassin’s Finch 54

American Ornithological Union (AOU) 56 (National Organization formed in 1883 by 23 men) Committee on Bird Migration Committee on Classification and Nomenclature Committee on Conservation Publish “The Auk”

61 AOU: Large Scale Collection of Census Data

69 70 AOU: Bird Banding

57 58 “Clark’s Grebe”“Western Grebe” OR AOU Decision

“Green Heron”, “Green-Backed Heron” “Northern Oriole”, “Baltimore Oriole” AOU Decision

62 AOU: Concern over Bird Population Decline Passenger Pigeon Carolina Parakeet

Audubon Society (Formed in late 1800s) 63 Similar to AOU Emphasis on Local Chapters Focus on Public Awareness Sponsor Christmas Bird Count Publish Audubon Magazine

64 65 Feather Ornamentation

66 Field Guides (Early 1900s) 68

67 Emphasis on Key Characteristics

Ornithology as an Academic Pursuit (Early 1900s) 71

Speciation

74 Intraspecific Competition

Interspecific Competition, Niche Partitioning

Breeding Systems

Cooperative Breeding

Class Aves (Birds) ~ 9700 Species Worldwide ~31 Orders ~ 175 Families

Order Sphenisciformes (Penguins) Emperor Penguins dive up to 1600 ft and hold breaths for up to 15 minutes

Order Caprimulgiformes OIlbirds use echolocation to navigate within caves

Order Falconiformes Peregrine falcons can fly mph!

Order Falconiformes Ruppell’s Vulture can soar up to 37,000 ft

Cuculus-canorus01.jpg barnaclegoose1flyfairisle.jpg

ocollatedturkey.jpg /istockphoto_ _egyptian_symbols.jpg 20 Garudaportraitfront.jpg

the_song_of_the_lark.jpg media%20SpCom%20415%20Spring%202000/Pagliabirdslarge.jpg

33 Fac_To1877ChapterDocFiles/ChapterImages/Ch3Bradford.jpg 34 PomeiockCLR(1460x1430).jpg 35 /a/a9/300px-Francis-Willughby-001.jpg 36 willughby3-1.jpg b/b7/230px-Wilson_Alexander_ jpg 39

a.jpg&maxwidth= Lewis%20and%20clark/bird%20lewis%20and%20clark.jpg

Wilson's%20warbler.jpg istockphoto_ _yellow_rumped_warbler_audubon_s.jpg B_S.jpg

/anhinaillus.jpg

PopGen/darwin_finches.jpg red_wing_males_03_07_04_c-45.jpg &size=550x550_mb&ptp_photo_id=271547