Chapter 2, whoopidy do!

1a. Basics about the time between hunter/gatherers and “civilizations” “Stepping stone” societies Began about 8000BCE after the last Ice Age The world was warming up and people could move around more to find better land Better land = more stable food supply More food = larger populations Bigger populations = the beginnings of problems we will see in “civilizations” Slavery Patriarchy Elitism Disease War

Neolithic = new stone aka metals 1. What were the revolutionary transformations brought about by the Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution? Neolithic = new stone aka metals We used those new stones to farm and kill people Growing populations, settled villages, animal-borne diseases, horse-drawn chariot warfare, cities, states, empires, civilizations, writing, literature and more IN A NUTSHELL, WE BECAME MORE COMPLEX (Original: p. 36; With Sources: p. 50)

1a. The Neolithic Revolution is the most important event in human history. Second great human process after settlement of the globe When people have farms and permanent settlements (food and protection), they start to think… Why am I here? (religion) What rules should we live by? (government) Can I trade my crops for some fur? (economy) What is beauty? (art) “People who quote themselves are lame.” – Mr. Brock “When the food and security is taken care of, cultures began to flourish.” – Mr. Brock

1b. Domestication Domesticate – “dome/domicile” = home To tame or make for the home Plants – breeding for mass production Animals – breeding and taming for herds Keep in fences

2. What was the importance of “intensification” in the Neolithic Age? It meant getting more for less, in this case more food resources—far more—from a much smaller area of land than was possible with a gathering and hunting technology. More food meant more people. Growing populations in turn required an even greater need for the intensive exploitation of the environment. (Original: p. 37; With Sources: p. 51)

1c Early Ag Societies Basics Started due to the warming after the last Ice Age 8,000 BCE ish Some ppl became ag based, some stayed pastoral Ag impacted the environment Moving of crops from one place to another Clearing large pieces of land for farming Growing some crops and killing out others Irrigation (moving water) Domesticated animals were used for ag work

3. What accounts for the emergence of agriculture after countless millennia of human life without it? Warmer, wetter, and more stable conditions thanks to the end of the last Ice Age. Wild plants Cereal grasses (rice, wheat, corn) New knowledge and technology led to more productive crop yields. Growing populations led to more food production and storing. Happened in a lot of different places around the same time. Aliens???? (Original: pp. 37-38; With Sources: pp. 51-52)

3a Where did the Neolithic Revolution happen? Lots of places at around the same time (12,000-14,000 years ago) China (Yellow “Huang Ho” River) Egypt (Nile River) Fertile Crescent (Iraq) (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) New Guinea Mesoamerica Andes

4. How do we know women were probably responsible for the Neolithic Revolution? In hunter-gatherer times, they controlled the plants, men dealt w/ animals Probably learned farming from seeds dropping on the ground

(Original: p. 41; With Sources: p.55) 5. Why did animal domestication precede the domestication of plants in Africa? (present day Sudan) Between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago, the Sahara Desert effectively did not exist. Good rainfall and plants for grazing animals People domesticated cows and donkeys and lived primarily off of them and gathered plants. (Original: p. 41; With Sources: p.55)

There was an absence of animals that could be domesticated. 7. Why did the peoples of America lack sources of protein, manure, and power to pull carts? There was an absence of animals that could be domesticated. 14 large domesticated animal species in the world and Americas only had one, the stupid llama. No cattle, goats, sheep, pigs Bad times (Original: p. 41; With Sources: p. 55)

8. In what ways did agriculture spread? Through diffusion and colonization Diffusion – spread of ideas through interactions with “outsiders” Colonization – people moving to new lands Conquest, absorption YOU SHOULD KNOW BOTH OF THESE TERMS, YO. (Original: p. 42; With Sources: p. 56)

9. Describe the development of agricultural societies in the southern half of he African continent beginning around 3,000 B.C.E. Starting in Nigeria (North Central Africa) Bantu-speaking people moved east and south over Spread their language, ag and husbandry skills and iron-working Bantu language is a commonality among many people in southern Africa today ***One of the major migrations you need to know about (Original: p. 46; With Sources: p. 60)

9a. Other Languages spread w/ ag Indo-European language starts in Turkey Leads to most major European languages today Chinese language Austronesian languages An Asian-language family whose speakers gradually spread to Pacific islands Philippines, Hawaii, Indonesia

10. Where was agriculture sometimes resisted? Why? Either places with bad land or where people didn’t need to farm. Some hunter\gatherers liked the freer life as compared to the hard life of farming Like, hippies, maaaan. (Original: p. 46; With Sources: p. 60)

11. What was the impact on the environment from farmers and herders? They changed the ecosystem In the Middle East, just 1,000 years of farming destroyed the land with soil erosion and deforestation That land was abandoned (Original: p. 48; With Sources: p. 62)

10a. When did most Paleolithic societies die out? By 1CE

Pastoral Societies: Think of pastures Where farming was difficult 12. How were pastoral societies different from early agricultural societies? Pastoral Societies: Think of pastures Where farming was difficult Depended on animals to survive Sheep, goats, cattle, camels AKA Herders, pastoralists, nomads Mainly in Central Asia, Arabian Peninsula and Sahara Very mobile Clan/tribe based

More about Pastoral Societies Developed more in Afroeurasia Still some pastoralists around today Overgrazing – when they allowed their animals to graze so much that the grass wouldn’t grow back An example of the environmental impact of pastoral societies Pastoral societies engaged in more cultural diffusion than other society types Because they are more mobile

Buried dead in their houses, then built new house on top of it 13. After reading about Catalhuyuk in Turkey, why do you think the people designed their city the way they did? Check out page 77 Buried dead in their houses, then built new house on top of it No streets, traveled by rooftop Advantage of seeing their enemies coming from a distance Perhaps safe from flooding on the rooftops

14. The use of metals in early societies Earliest pre-civilization metals were not used for tools They were used because they looked cool Aesthetically pleasing We found at burial sites far away from their origin Having metals meant you were of a higher status Copper was mined and could be hammered to become as hard as steel It was used for tools like knives and sickles Later, we will see bronze and iron and steel in BCE Metallurgy – working with metals Usually associated with “smelting” (melting metals down to get the more pure parts out of them)

14a. Very metal societies Lydians (modern Turkey) First to use metal coins Hitties (modern Iraq) First to use metal for weapons

Terms Agricultural Revolution: Also known as the Neolithic Revolution, this is the transformation of human (and world) existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals. Bantu: An African-language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of eastern and southern Africa. Mother language to swahili. (pron. BAHN-too)

Terms Bantu migration: The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started ca. 3000 b.c.e. and continued for several millennia. Çatalhüyük: An important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey. (pron. cha-TAHL-hoo-YOOK) chiefdom: A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people. diffusion: The gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement.

Terms domestication: The taming and changing of nature for the benefit of humankind. horticulture: Hoe-based agriculture, typical of early agrarian societies. intensification: The process of getting more in return for less; for example, growing more food on a smaller plot of land.

Terms Jericho: Site of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2,000 people in present-day Israel.