使用現在完成式 (have+p.p.) 的情況 已完成的程度，且與現在狀況有關者 使用現在完成式 (have+p.p.) 的情況 已完成的程度，且與現在狀況有關者 1. 到目前為止曾做過的事或所擁有的經驗 Ex. Jay has released 11 albums so far. 2. 到目前為止已完成的事 Ex. I have done all the math homework. 3. 持續到目前為止的動作 ( 須用持續性動詞 ) Ex. Corby has played the game for 40 minutes. Ex. Joe has written the letter since 11:00 am. Ex. They have talked since the class started. Ex. Sarah has been an English teacher since twenty years ago.

現在完成式 vs. 過去式 現在完成式 vs. 過去式  1. 到目前為止曾做過的事或所擁有的經驗  Ex. Jay has released 11 albums so far. （ John 還在出片，未來還會有新專輯） （ John 還在出片，未來還會有新專輯）  c.f. Jay released 11 albums before. ( 過去事實， John 已過世或不再出片） ( 過去事實， John 已過世或不再出片）  2. 到目前為止已完成的事  Ex. I have done all the math homework. （ I have finished all; I don’t have to do it now.) （ I have finished all; I don’t have to do it now.)  c.f. I did all the math homework.  （過去動作、事實）

3. 持續到目前為止的動作 ( 須用持續性動詞 ) 3. 持續到目前為止的動作 ( 須用持續性動詞 ) (1) Corby has played the game for 40 minutes. (1) Corby has played the game for 40 minutes. Corby is playing now and he may go on playing. c.f. Pete played the game for 40 minutes. c.f. Pete played the game for 40 minutes. Pete is not playing now. NOW 40 min. ago time 40 min. time 40 min. NOW

(2) We’ve waited/been waiting for an hour. (We are still waiting now, and may keep on waiting.) (We are still waiting now, and may keep on waiting.) c.f. We waited (were waiting) for an hour. (We are not waiting now.) (We are not waiting now.) (3) Pierre has lived in Quebec for six years. (He still lives there.) (He still lives there.) c.f. Pierre lived in Quebec for ten years. (He doesn’t live in Quebec any more.) (He doesn’t live in Quebec any more.)

以下必須用現在完成式，不可用過去式 (since 從 … 到現在 )/(so far 到目前為止 )  Ex. Joe has written the letter since 11:00 am.  Ex. They have talked since the class started. NOW 11:00 am time duration(class started)

應使用過去式的情況 1. 句中有表示過去時間的副詞 (yesterday, two years ago, when I was a child…) He got married when he was 20/in He got married when he was 20/in (c.f. He has lived here since he was 20.) (c.f. He has lived here since he was 20.) 2. 問某事發生在何時用過去式 When were you born? When were you born? 3. 歷史過去事件（與現在無關的事情或動作） The Chinese invented printing. The Chinese invented printing.

畫線部分是否正確？有錯請改正 Examples:  Have you heard? Suzanne has gotten married! (O)  The Chinese have invented printing. (X)  The Chinese invented printing. 被動式？  (Printing was invented by the Chinese.)

1.Who has written the play Hamlet? Who wrote the play Hamlet? Who wrote the play Hamlet? 2.Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher. 3.I waited for the bus for an hour this morning. I’ve waited for the bus for an hour. ( 兩句皆 可，意思不同，此不可與 this morning 合用） I’ve waited for the bus for an hour. ( 兩句皆 可，意思不同，此不可與 this morning 合用） 4.My grandparents got married in Montreal. 5. Abraham Lincoln was President of the U.S. from 1861 to 1865.

6.The U.S. has bought Alaska from Russia in The U.S. bought Alaska from Russia in The U.S. bought Alaska from Russia in Jill studied English since Jill has studied English since Jill has studied English since ( 從 1990 至今仍在繼續） ( 從 1990 至今仍在繼續） 8.Have you visited many museums when you were in Paris? Did you visit many museums when you were in Paris? Did you visit many museums when you were in Paris?

9.When did you give up smoking? 10.I haven’t eaten anything yesterday because I haven’t been hungry. I didn’t eat anything yesterday because I wasn’t hungry. I didn’t eat anything yesterday because I wasn’t hungry.

After this experience, Billy decided to lose some kilos. First, he went to see a doctor and was asked to avoid fast food. Also, the doctor said he should start exercising. Billy followed the doctor’s advice: he ___________ away from fast food and snacks for one year, and most important of all, he jogged every day. a. has stayed (.55) b. is staying c. will stay d. stayed (.21)

to 23 …When we got to the theater, a lot of people 21 there to buy tickets. I saw a friend in the crowd, so I walked up and talked to him for a while. When we finished talking, I found my sister was gone! I 22 her name loudly and looked for her for 30 minutes. Everyone was looking at me. Finally, I found my sister in a toyshop near the theater… 21.a. wait b. have waited c. will wait d. were waiting c. will wait d. were waiting 22. a. have called b. will call c. called d. was calling c. called d. was calling

&18 One day, our teacher Miss Hsieh walked One day, our teacher Miss Hsieh walked up to Ted. Without saying anything, she took up to Ted. Without saying anything, she took Ted to the washroom. Slowly, Miss Hsieh washed his hands and told him that he should keep himself clean. She 17 that every day for him for one month. Finally, Ted understood. Ted to the washroom. Slowly, Miss Hsieh washed his hands and told him that he should keep himself clean. She 17 that every day for him for one month. Finally, Ted understood. Miss Hsieh’s love has given me a good example to follow when I am doing my job. I always remember to teach my students by showing them the right ways to do things… Miss Hsieh’s love has given me a good example to follow when I am doing my job. I always remember to teach my students by showing them the right ways to do things… 17. a. did b. has done c. was doing d. was going to do c. was doing d. was going to do

Example: Willy has changed a lot. He used to get up early to do exercise. But now he wakes up late and is late for school every day …But things (change) since we graduated. Daniel can’t see me very often because he’s got a girlfriend. I try to talk to him, but he keeps avoiding me. Daniel (tell) me several times that he needs more time to be with his dear Gloria. How can a girlfriend be more important than a best friend?... …But things (change) since we graduated. Daniel can’t see me very often because he’s got a girlfriend. I try to talk to him, but he keeps avoiding me. Daniel (tell) me several times that he needs more time to be with his dear Gloria. How can a girlfriend be more important than a best friend?...

gone to ( 已經去了 ) 和 been to ( 曾經去過 ) 之間的差異  My father is on vacation. He has gone to Milan. (=He is in Milan now or he is on his way to Milan.)  Jay is back from his vacation. He has been to Milan. (=He was in Milan, but now he has come back.)  He has gone to the concert. (o)  I have gone to the concert. ( 不可能 )  I have been to three concerts this year.  I went to three concerts last year.