History of the Internet Dr Maria Elena Villapol January 2009

1957 Spuntnik was launched. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department of Defense (DoD) was formed as response.

Mid-1960s Mainframe computers were standalone computers.

ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department of Defense (DoD) was interested in finding a way to connect computers. So researchers, they funded could share they findings.

There was some research on packet networks: – Lenoard Kleinrock: Information Flow in Large Communication Networks, PhD Thesis, – Paul Baran, RAND: "On Distributed Communications Networks" - Packet-switching (PS) networks; no single outage point, – Larry Roberts/Tom Marill publish first paper on network experiments, 1966.

1965 ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-sharing computers" – – TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and Q-32 at System Development Corporation (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without packet switches) – Question – How were they connected? a)A satellite link b)A dedicated telephone line. c)A radio link d)TV network

1967 ACM Symposium on Operating Principles: – Larry Roberts presented a plan for a packet- switching network. – Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops NPL Data Network under D. W. Davies. Larry Roberts ARPA’s Director Donald Davies

1967 ARPA wants to build a small computer network. It is called ARPANET later on. Host computer would be attached to a specialized computer, called Interface Message Processor, IMP. An IMP would be connected to one another. An IMP had to be able to communicate with: – Attached host – Other IMP

1968 BBN in consulting firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts wins the contract to build the subnet and write the software.

1969 Question How many nodes did the very first ARPANET have? a)2 nodes. b)4 nodes. c)10 nodes. d)100 nodes.

1969 First node at UCLA, Network Measurements Center [SDS SIGMA 7, SEX] : Soon after at: – Stanford Research Institute (SRI), NIC [SDS940/Genie] – UCSB, Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics [IBM 360/75, OS/MVT] – Univ of Utah, Graphics [DEC PDP-10, Tenex]

1969 IMP

1969 SRI UCLA

29 Oct 1969 First Message sent on the Internet. Question What was the first message ever sent on the Internet? a)“What hath God Wrought” (Morse, 1844) b)“Watson, come her, I want you” (Bell, 1876) c)“LO” (??) d)“One Giant Leap for Mankind” (Amstrong 1969)

1969 Question The news of the first message on the Internet was announced by: a)Yahoo Today News b)Nobody noticed c)Several newspapers, magazines, and radio and television broadcasters around the world.

November 1969

1969: 4-node ARPANET The Network Control Protocol (NCP) provides communication between the hosts

1970 ALOHAnet developed by Norman Abrahamson, Univ of Hawaii. – connected to the ARPANET in 1972

nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames.

1971

: Vinn Cerf and Bob Kahn design TCP. 1974: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm]

1978 TCP splits into TCP and IP.

1982 DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET. This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets. DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD.

: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB. First IETF meeting held in January at Linkabit in San Diego. 1987: Number of hosts breaks 10, : Number of hosts breaks 100,000

Internet Applications News Remote Login using Telnet, rlogin, ssh File Transfer using FTP

:National Science Fundation (NFS) opens Internet for commercial use. 1992: World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer. 1993: March Andreesson Mosaic Browser

1994 First spam on the Internet by two Arizona- based attorneys Lawrence Canter and Martha Siegel.

References Leonard Kleinrock. Brief History of the Internet. R. Zakon. Hobbes' Internet Timeline.