Riho Chishina, Adam Frumau, Lino Aubert and Krishna Jain, Clockworks, Water, Wind (Early) Steam, Making Bread

BREAD

Bread Who invented bread? Actually nobody knows who invented bread. We have done lots of research but have not found any information about who invented bread. How old is bread? Bread is about years old. It is one of the oldest foods in the world. What are the main ingredients of bread? The main ingredients are Flour, water, yeast and salt. However, other ingredients can be added to create flavour e.g. raisins, sugar, seeds etc. Flour is mostly made from wheat grains, but some bread also include oats or rye and various seeds.

Bread How was flour made in the Windmills in the 1900s? In the old windmills they made flour by using 2 round stones, one standing up and one lying flat above the ground. Then when the sails went round and round the stones ground the seeds put between the stones. They still use this method in developing countries, like Pakistan, Afghanistan, some parts of China and in South America.

WIND (EARLY)

Wind What is wind caused by? Wind is caused by air flowing from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. What is wind used for? Wind is used for windmills, Clipper sailing ships etc. These things used wind as an energy.

Wind What are Windmills used for? Mainly grind corn and other seeds to make flour for making bread and to pump up water for irrigation to grow crops. With these crops that we grow, we can make flour. This method has been used for lots of centuries. Who invented the Windmill? The windmill was invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind and crush corn and draw up water for irrigation. Mills had six-twelve sails covered in fabric or palm leaves from palm tree from where they cut the leaves from.

Wind Who used Windmills? Windmills were used in the Islamic civilization as early as the 7th century, to grind and for irrigation purposes. The great 10th century Arab Historian and Geographer Al-Masudi ( ), has mentioned the existence of windmills in Seistan in 950 AD. Windmills appeared in Europe, in the 12th century.

Wind Who invented the Clipper ship? Donald McKay invented the Clipper sailing ship in the late 1840s. The first Clipper sailing ship was English. What was it used for? The Clipper Ship was the fastest sailing ship of the 1850s. The Clipper ship was used for carrying expensive cargo’s like spices and tea etc.

Wind How long were Clipper sailing ships used? The Clipper sailing ships were used for around 2 decades (200 years).

Wind What is wind power? Wind power is what we get by controlling and make use of the energy of the wind. How long has wind power been used? Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind.

STEAM

Steam What is steam? The vapour into which water is converted when heated, forming a white mist of tiny water droplets in the air. What things can you do with steam? In transportation you can use a steam engine to power a steam train or a steam boat. You can cook with steam or iron your clothes.

Steam What is a steam train? A steam train is a train that is powered by a steam engine. It is not being used because it pollutes the Earth. Who invented the steam train? Two people invented the steam train: George Stephenson/Richard Trevithick. Trevithick (U.K) made his steam train in 1804 and Stephenson in 1829 (U.S).

Steam What is a steam boat? A steamboat, is a ship in which the method of moving forward is steam power, using driving propellers or paddlewheels. Who invented the steam boat? Robert Fulton invented the Steam boat in 1807.

Steam Who invented the Fardier A French man named Nicolas Cagnot developed a steam powered machine called the fardier. It could crawl through the streets of Paris.

WATER

Water What is water? Water is widely available in rivers, lakes and oceans. What can you do with water? Besides drink, you can generate power with it using a water wheel.

Water Who invented the Water Wheel? The first water wheel is from Vitruvius, an engineer of the Augustan Age (31 BC - 14 AD) The modern water wheel was invented by Lestor Allen Pelton (1870s). What is a Water Wheel made of? Water wheels are usually made out of wood or metal.

CLOCKWORK

Clockwork What is a clockwork? a mechanism with a spring and gearwheels, used to power a mechanical clock, toy, or other device. Watches are made with clockworks. Who was a famous clockwork maker? Leonardo da Vinci’s car is an example of clockwork. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 and died in That means he died at an age of 67 years old. Leonardo was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor and anatomist.