MACROMOLECULES

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: molecules that contain both CARBON and HYDROGEN Very large organic compounds are called MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules are composed of smaller subunits

MACROMOLECULES There are four kinds of macromolecules:  CARBOHYDRATES  LIPIDS  PROTEINS  NUCLEIC ACIDS

CARBOHYDRATES Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Formed in the same proportions: two atoms of hydrogen to every one atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen CH 2 O Provide short term energy Provide longer term energy storage for living organisms

CARBOHYDRATES There are three groups of carbohydrates:  MONOSACCHARIDES  DISACCHARIDES  POLYSACCHARIDES

MONOSACCHARIDES A simple sugar or “ONE sugar” Examples: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE and GALACTOSE

DISACCHARIDES A double sugar or “TWO sugars” Examples:  MALTOSE: glucose + glucose  SUCROSE: glucose + fructose  LACTOSE: galactose + glucose

POLYSACCHARIDES Composed of “MANY” simple sugars linked together Examples:  STARCH: energy storage in plants  GLYCOGEN: energy storage in animals  CELLULOSE: cell protection and support in plants

LIPIDS Provide long term energy storage, insulation, and send messages around the body as hormones. The most common type of lipid is FAT. Fat is composed of a GLYCEROL head and three FATTY ACID tails.

SATURATED UNSATURATED The fatty acid chains are complete composed of SINGLE bonds between the carbon atoms. The fatty acid chains are packed tightly together. The fatty acid chains have at least one DOUBLE bond between the carbon atoms. “KINKS” made in the fatty acid chains allow for space. TYPES OF FAT

SATURATED VS. UNSARTURATED FAT

PROTEINS Provide MANY functions in cells:  Provide structural support.  Act as ENZYMES to facilitate chemical reactions.  Provides transport.  Acts as chemical messengers

PROTEINS Composed of small units called AMINO ACIDS. Amino acids are linked by a chemical linkage called a PEPTIDE BOND. A chain of amino acids is called a POLYPEPTIDE.

AMINO ACIDS Humans need 20 amino acids to make proteins. Our bodies will manufacture 12 amino acids The other 8 amino acids must come from the food we eat. These 8 amino acids are called ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

PROTEIN SHAPES There are FOUR kinds of protein shapes:  PRIMARY: polypeptide chain  SECONDARY: helix or pleated sheet  TERTIARY: 3D shape  QUATERNARY: many proteins joined together

DENATURATION OF PROTEINS If a protein is exposed to extreme conditions it will unfold and change shape Changing the shape of a protein will alter its function. The protein is DENATURED. The protein will lose its ability to perform its normal function.

NUCLEIC ACIDS Directs the growth and development of every living thing by means of a code. Determines how the cell functions There are two kinds of nucleic acid:  DNA  RNA

DNA RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Main component of genes or hereditary material. Is DOUBLE stranded in a helix formation. Ribonucleic acid Contains the instructions for making proteins. Is SINGLE stranded. NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEOTIDES Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of subunits called NUCLEOTIDES. DNA and RNA are composed of only FOUR nucleotides.