FUNCTIONAL GROUPS MEMORIZE THEM : Figure 4.10 – Hydroxylaminomethyl – Carbonylsulfhydryl – Carboxylphosphate How do the elements within each determine the properties of the group? How does the presence (or absence) of a particular group provide information about the overall function of a molecule? These functional groups are most likely involved in chemical reactions like dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, etc.

SYNTHESIS & BREAKDOWN OF POLYMERS Monomers are joined to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (condensation) reactions Dehydration synthesis is a type of anabolism ! ENZYMES ARE INVOLVED TO SPEED UP RATE OF RXN & LOWER RXN ACTIVATION ENERGY ENERGY IN

SYNTHESIS & BREAKDOWN OF POLYMERS Polymers are disassembled to form monomers by hydrolysis reactions Hydrolysis is a type of catabolism ! ENZYMES ARE INVOLVED TO SPEED UP RATE OF RXN & LOWER RXN ACTIVATION ENERGY ENERGY OUT

TARGET IV: MASTERY OF MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES = POLYSACCHARIDES I. Monomer unit = MONOSACCHARIDE A. General formula: C n H 2n O n B. Most end in -ose C. Have carbonyl & hydroxyl groups D. Position of carbonyl group produces two classes of monosaccharides : 1. ALDDOSE if carbonyl is at the END of C chain 2. KETONE if carbonyl is in the middle of C chain 3. See fig 5.3 E. Name of monosaccharide determined by # of carbons in chain: Hexose = ____, Pentose = _____, triose = ____

MORE MONOSACCHARIDE STUFF… Structural isomers are common among monosaccharides and different structures imply… Sugars in solution form rings (See figure 5.4)(See figure 5.4) Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by condensation reactions: a.k.a. dehydration synthesis (see figure 5.5)(see figure 5.5) – Covalent bond between monosaccharides is called a glycosidic linkage Name examples of monosaccharides… Name examples of disaccharides…

POLYSACCHARIDES Functions of polysaccharides include… Consist of several hundred to several thousand monosaccharides joined by … creating bonds called… Function of polysaccharide is determined by type of monomer unit and position of glycosidic linkage Plants produce starch in two different forms: – Amylose (see figure 5.6a)(see figure 5.6a) – Amylopectin – How are forms similar? Different? Animals produce & store CHO as glycogen in their liver (figure 5.6b)

MORE POLYSACCHARIDES… How are plant and animal polysaccharides similar? Different? Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide Cellulose – Produced by plants, used in cell walls (figure 5.8) – Cellulose differs from starch in TWO ways: Glycosidic linkages Isomer of glucose (fig 5.7a, b) – Different glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers make hydrolysis of cellulose polymer difficult Can you digest cellulose? Why or why not? Can a horse or other herbivores? How? Ruminant digestion, sheep chew cud, too Ruminant digestion,sheep

LAST ONE FOR POLYSACCHARIDES… Chitin is a structural CHO similar to cellulose with an extra N-containing appendage (figure 5.10) – Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods – Makes arthropods crunchy (and delicious) – Do you know the name of any arthropods?

LIPIDS  Diverse group of macromolecules  Some types of lipids DO NOT have ‘monomer’ unit building blocks  ALL lipids, to some extent, are HYDROPHOBIC (water-fearing) and therefore have non-polar regions within their structure.  What functional group(s) is (are) non polar?  Examples: steroids, fats, & phospholipids

FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES) FIGURES 5.11 & 5.12  Function as long term energy storage. Where is the energy ‘stored’ in a fat polymer?  Building blocks (monomers) are one glycerol (3C) and three fatty acids (16-18C)  Glycerol is joined to each fatty acid (at carboxyl group) by dehydration synthesis. How many dehydration events are required to make fat?  Two types of fatty acids  SATURATED - all carbons have single bond; animal fats = solid at room temp. (BUTTER, LARD, BACON GREASE)  UNSATURATED - two carbons in chain joined by double bond; plant fats = liquid at room temp. (OLIVE OIL, CORN OIL)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS FIGURES 5.13 & 5.14  Major component of cell membranes  Building blocks (monomers) are one hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails  Phospholipids ‘self-assemble’ when placed in water to form either a micelle OR a phospholipid bilayer

PHOSPHOLIPIDS FIGURE 5.13