Social Control and Deviance Chapter 6 Uma Pochampalli Adopted from Lecture PowerPoint © W. W. Norton & Company, 2008

What Is Social Deviance? You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2  Social deviance is any violation of socially established norms. Minor breaking of these norms can be described as informal deviance. Formal deviance or crime involves the violation of laws.`

Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 3  Social cohesion refers to the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day-to- day basis.  Emile Durkheim theorized that social cohesion is established either through: Mechanical solidarity — based on the sameness of society’s parts or members Organic solidarity — based on the interdependence of specialized parts or members

Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 4  Punitive justice is focused on making the violator suffer by punishment and correct the behavior.  Rehabilitative justice examines the specific circumstances of an individual violating norms and attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him/her.

Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 5  Social control is the set of mechanisms that controls individuals from violating social norms.  Normative compliance is the act of abiding by society’s norms or simply following the rules of group life.

Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 6  Informal social sanctions Are unspoken rules and expectations about people’s behavior Help maintain a basic level of order and cohesion in society and helps as a foundation for formal social control Are, for example, laws, the authority of police officers, etc.

Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 7  Emile Durkheim’s theory of suicide proposed that suicide is a product of social forces, depending on a person’s level of social integration and social regulation.  Robert Merton’s strain theory argues that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals.

Figure 6.1 | A Normative Theory of Suicide

Merton’s Strain Theory Combining a person’s view of cultural goals and the conventional means to obtain them allowed Robert Merton to identify various types of deviants

Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 10  Symbolic interactionists take a micro view of society, examining the beliefs and assumptions people bring to their everyday interactions to find the causes or explanations for deviance.

Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 11  Labeling Theory People unconsciously notice how others see or label them, and over time they internalize these labels and come to accept them as “truth.” People then behave according to what people expect by the label they’ve been assigned or that’s been assigned to another — in this way deviance is a social construct.

Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 12  Primary deviance The first act of rule breaking that may result in the rule breaker being labeled “deviant” and thus influence how people think about and act toward him or her*.  Secondary deviance Refers to acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of a person’s new deviant label.

Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 13  Stigma Negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person; also changes that person’s self- concept and social identity Has serious consequences in terms of the opportunities made available, or rather that are not made available, to people in a stigmatized group

Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 14  Broken Window Theory of Deviance Developed by Philip Zimbardo Explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act People who wouldn’t exhibit a certain behavior in one social context might do so in another context where the behavior seems more permissible

Crime You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 15  Street crime — refers to crime committed in public and is often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty.  White-collar crime — committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business.  Corporate crime — type of white-collar crime committed by the officers or executives of a company.

Crime You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 16  Differential Opportunity Theory Developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin States that in addition to the legitimate economic structure, there is an illegitimate opportunity structure that is unequally distributed across social classes In order to reduce participation in that illegitimate economy, you have to raise the costs of participating in it Tougher sentencing laws and community policing are two measures that do so

Crime You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 17  It can be difficult to measure crime rates over time for a variety of reasons, including: Changes in how crimes are defined* Fluctuations in whether people report crimes In the case of murders, improvements in medical technology

Crime Reduction You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 18  Deterrence theory is a philosophy of criminal justice based on the idea that crime results from calculating the costs and benefits.*  According to this theory stiffer penalties, increased prison terms, and stricter parole guidelines should thus help reduce crime.

Crime Reduction You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 19  As a result of deterrence theory, that crime happens with calculating costs and benefits, there are numerous unintended consequences that result in increased recidivism.  Recidivism occurs when a person who has been reformed or punished, reverts back to criminal behavior.

Crime Reduction You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 20  While total institutions are supposed to help an inmate learn to function as a productive member of society, there are many things about total institutions that give the opposite result.  Michel Foucault argues that penal practices show how social control is exercised outside of prisons and various methods of discipline are used in society at large to monitor, examine, and order our lives and behavior.

Crime Reduction You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 21  Since the 1970s, there has been a change from a more rehabilitative sense of justice to a more punitive one in the United States. This is evidenced by historically high rates of imprisonment. The consequences of this mass incarceration include high costs, the deprivation of rights of millions of former felons, and a very high rate of imprisonment for black males, which has a ripple effect throughout black communities.

Concept Quiz 1.Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? a)Paying for a meal in a restaurant with pennies, nickels, and dimes b)Telling the hostess of a dinner party that you didn’t like the main dish c)Dyeing one’s hair purple and orange d)All of the above e)None of the above You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 22

Concept Quiz 2.Informal social sanctions are ______. a)enforced by overt punishments b)understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed c)established through discussion and consensus of the group d)too weak to have any effect on deviance You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 23

Concept Quiz 3. Which of the following is an example of rehabilitative justice? a)Attending parenting classes while in prison b)Mandatory monthly drug tests for five years after being paroled on a drug offense c)Entering a work training program after being released from prison d)Losing the right to vote after a felony conviction e)Both A and C f)Both B and D You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 24

Concept Quiz 4.According to Emile Durkheim’s theory of suicide, what two social factors have the most impact on suicide rates? a)Informal sanctions and formal sanctions b)Social integration and anomie c)Social integration and social regulation d)Conformity and recidivism You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 25

Concept Quiz 5.Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? a)Crime rates and penal codes b)Formal and informal social sanctions c)Economic opportunities and crime rates d)Recidivism and rehabilitative justice You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 26

Concept Quiz 6. _______ refers to crimes committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business. a)Primary deviance b)Corporate crime c)Secondary deviance d)White-collar crime You May Ask Yourself Copyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 27

Figure 6.2 | Total U.S. Violent Crime Rate,

Figure 6.3 | Homicide Victimization Rate,

Figure 6.4 | National Recidivism Rates for Prisoners Released in 1983 and 1994

Figure 6.5 | Size of Death Row Population since 1973

Figure 6.6 | Number of Executions and Race of Prisoners Executed,