Chapter 17 The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment in Europe ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Enlightenment Paths to Enlightenment “Dare to know” – Immanual Kant Scientific method to understand life Popularization of Science Bernard de Fontenelle ( ), Plurality of Worlds A New Skepticism Attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism Skepticism about religion and growing secularization The Impact of Travel Literature Travel books became very popular Captain James Cook Literature on China

The Legacy of Locke & Newton Newton reasoning could discover natural laws that govern politics, economics, justice, religion, and the arts Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding knowledge derived from the environment denied Descartes’ belief in innate ideas

The Philosophes and their Ideas Came from all walks of life Paris was the “capital” Desire to change the world Call for a spirit of rational criticism 3 French Giants: Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot

Montesquieu and Political Thought Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu ( ) Persian Letters, 1721 Attacks traditional religion, advocacy of religious toleration, denunciation of slavery, use of reason The Spirit of the Laws, 1748; comparative study of government

Voltaire and the Enlightenment Francois-Marie Arouet, Voltaire ( ) Criticism of traditional religion Treatise on Toleration, 1763 Deism

Diderot and the Encyclopedia Denis Diderot ( ) Encyclopedia, 28 volumes Attacked religious superstition and advocated toleration Lowered price helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

Toward a New “Science of Man” David Hume Physiocrats and Adam Smith founders of modern economics François Quesnay ( ) Leader of the Physiocrat – natural economic laws Rejection of mercantilism Supply and demand

Adam Smith & Laissez-Faire Economics Adam Smith ( ) The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Attack on mercantilism Advocate of free trade Government has only three basic functions Protect society from invasion Defend individuals from injustice and oppression Keep up public works

The Later Enlightenment Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( ) Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind; Preservation of private property had enslaved Social Contract, 1762; Tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority Concept of General Will Emile, 1762; important work on education

The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenment Agree that the nature of women make them inferior There were some exceptions, for example Diderot Mary Astell ( ) A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, 1697 Better education and equality in marriage Mary Wollstonecraft Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 Subjection of women by men wrong

Social Environment of the Philosophes Salons The influence of women Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin ( ) Marquise du Deffand ( ) Other gathering places

Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature Rococo Art Characteristics Antoine Watteau ( ) Fragility and transitory nature of pleasure, love, and life Baroque-Rococo architectural style Balthasar Neumann ( ) Secular and spiritual interchangeable Baroque Music Johann Sebastian Bach ( ) George Frederick Handel ( ) Franz Joseph Haydn ( ) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( )

Antoine Watteau Return From Cythera

Balthasar Neumann Vierzehnheiligen and Bishop’s Palace

Development of the Novel Decisive time in the development of the novel Samuel Richardson Virtue Rewarded Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones

The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century Characteristics Increased readership and publishing Development of magazines and newspapers for the general public Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s Spectator Female Spectator Education and Universities

Crime and Punishment Punishment in the eighteenth century Cesare Beccaria ( ), On Crimes and Punishments Punishment should serve only as deterrent Punishment moved away from spectacle towards rehabilitation

Torture Devices

Public Executions

World of Medicine University of Leiden Royal College of Physicians Barber-surgeons Apothecaries, midwives, and faith healers Hospital conditions

Popular Culture Festivals, carnivals, and fairs Gathering places Taverns and Alcohol The gap between high culture and popular culture Literacy and Primary Education Spread of literacy State-supported primary schools Hannah More

Religion and the Churches The Catholic and Protestant Churches were conservative Church-State relations Community activities of the churches Toleration and Religious Minorities Toleration and the Jews Experiences of Ashkenazic Jews Experiences of Sephardic Jews Some Enlightenment thinkers favored acceptance of the Jews Joseph II Limited reforms toward the Jews

Religious Population in Eighteenth- Century Europe ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century Catholic Piety Protestant Revivalism John Wesley ( ) Methodist societies Brought the Gospel to the people

Discussion Questions What do you see as a possible reason the Enlightenment was centered in France? Why and when did it emerge? Do you see any connection between Enlightenment and changes in religion in Europe? How did the Enlightenment affect the idea of Crime and Punishment?

Web Links Immanual Kant Isaac Newton John Locke Adam Smith Jean-Jacques Rousseau John Wesley