The Enlightenment Basis of constitutions in many countries Suffrage to women, blacks and lower classes are all indirect legacies Helped end dominance of the “elites” – i.e. Development of Meritocracy

What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new world view. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new world view. England and France US New theories about government, philosophy, economics, and even religion Beginning of the modern era

The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution 16 TH AND 17 TH CENTURIES EDUCATION IS CHANGING = MORE SECULAR The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships

Enlightenment Principles  Religion, tradition, and superstition limited/ challenged development  REASON & independent thought championed Scientific and academic thought should be SECULAR Scientific and academic thought should be SECULAR **Leads to separation of church and state.** **Leads to separation of church and state.** A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

The Marquis de Condorcet  Universal EDUCATION Educational system of France Educational system of France  Progress and “perfectibility”  Played active role in French Revolution 1 st French Constitution 1 st French Constitution

Voltaire (1694–1778) Most famous/popular philosophe Most famous/popular philosophe Championed social, political, and religious tolerance Championed social, political, and religious tolerance “ I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” “ I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” What rights developed in America based on these ideas?? What rights developed in America based on these ideas?? Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order (church& aristocracy) Foundation for: Freedom of : thought, speech and press

The Encyclopédie EDUCATION IS PARAMOUNT!.. EDUCATION IS PARAMOUNT!.. Major achievement of the philosophes Major achievement of the philosophes Begun in 1745; completed in 1765 Begun in 1745; completed in 1765 Banned by the Catholic Church Banned by the Catholic Church 72,000 articles of the most up-to date- knowledge on science, art and crafts 72,000 articles of the most up-to date- knowledge on science, art and crafts Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie

Deism God designed the universe by set of Natural Laws and then took a passive position. God designed the universe by set of Natural Laws and then took a passive position. Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism Leads to separation of church and state…

Deism (continued) Deists viewed God as “The “great watchmaker” Deists viewed God as “The “great watchmaker” Thomas Paine Thomas Paine “Task” = discover the principles that governed the functioning of this “watch” “Task” = discover the principles that governed the functioning of this “watch” God’s existence could be seen in the natural order of things. God’s existence could be seen in the natural order of things. Thomas Paine “Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion “

John Locke (1632–1704)  The “State of Nature” before societies man was equal before societies man was equal  “Concerning Human Understanding” Tabula rasa Tabula rasa Blank slateBlank slate Nature VS NURTURENature VS NURTURE So….. Education then …. Was very important and could determine an individuals future rather than his lineageSo….. Education then …. Was very important and could determine an individuals future rather than his lineage

Locke  Treatises of Government Attacked: Devine Right & Authoritarian Gov Attacked: Devine Right & Authoritarian Gov Promoted: constitutional Monarchy that derived power from the consent of the people Promoted: constitutional Monarchy that derived power from the consent of the people 1 st purpose of gov = protect property 1 st purpose of gov = protect property Capitalism = private property = good/ Communism = private property = root of evilCapitalism = private property = good/ Communism = private property = root of evil  Natural Rights Defend life liberty and estate Defend life liberty and estate Rebel if natural rights were violated Rebel if natural rights were violated

Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) French noble and political philosopher The Spirit of the Laws Comparative Study of Governments & then own theory of good gov Separation of Powers Leads also to the idea of checks and balances Constitutional monarchy

Women and the Enlightenment Changing views Changing views Role of education Role of education Best way to develop peopleBest way to develop people Therefore women should be educated Therefore women should be educated Only in those subjects that were suitable.. Of course.. Only in those subjects that were suitable.. Of course.. Full Equality was not advocated by enlightenment thinkers Full Equality was not advocated by enlightenment thinkers Women began to use reason and the enlightenments arguments to support their own cause Women began to use reason and the enlightenments arguments to support their own cause Citizenship in America will eventually change the role of women (Republican Motherhood) Citizenship in America will eventually change the role of women (Republican Motherhood)

Thomas Paine & Common Sense, 1776  Loyalty to Britain was deeply ingrained & poor colonial unity  Persuaded colonists to seek independence  Republicanism – government by the people Self Government of the colonies Self Government of the colonies Civic Virtue Civic Virtue Republican Motherhood Republican Motherhood

Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Locke to JEFFERSON 1.Unalienable Rights 2.All Men are Created Equal 3.Rebel if necessary 4.Consent of the governed 5.Laws should be for the public good

The U.S. Constitution Separation of powers Separation of powers Checks and balances Checks and balances Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention

The Enlightenment and the French Revolution The American Revolution The American Revolution The Estates General in France The Estates General in France French Revolution French Revolution The Marquis de Lafayette

The Declaration of the Rights of Man Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”

The Legacy of the Enlightenment  Government  Society  Education  Modern World The signing of the U.S. Constitution