The Chemistry of Life  Elements and the Periodic Table  Atomic Structure  Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule  Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds  Chemical Reactions  Acids, Bases, and pH  Functional Groups  Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides  Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids  Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides  Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

He - Helium Fe - Iron (from ferrum) C - Carbon Au - Gold (from aurum) Al - Aluminum Cu - copper (from cuprum) Periodic Table of the Elements

Table 2.1

The Chemistry of Life  Elements and the Periodic Table  Atomic Structure  Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule  Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds  Chemical Reactions  Acids, Bases, and pH  Functional Groups  Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides  Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids  Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides  Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

Atoms Are the Apples in the Bins Called Elements Atoms (apples) are the individual items belonging to a specific element (variety) in the Periodic Table. Atoms belonging to an element are very similar but not identical (they have slightly different masses) Three atoms (apples) from the variety (element) Golden Delicious 24.2 g 29.6 g 25.9 g Periodic Table of Apple Varieties

The Study of Atoms Figure 2.1 Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Different Shells (Orbits) Have Different Capacities For Electrons Atoms whose outer shells are not full are more reactive: they seek to fill their outermost shells (Octet Rule)

The Chemistry of Life  Elements and the Periodic Table  Atomic Structure  Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule  Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds  Chemical Reactions  Acids, Bases, and pH  Functional Groups  Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides  Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids  Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides  Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

Three Types of Chemical Bonds Ionic Covalent Hydrogen

Chemical Reactions 530 kcal

Synthesis Reactions Decomposition Reactions Exchange Reactions Reversible Reactions A+BAB  A+ B  NaCl+H2OH2O  NaOH+HCl Categories of Reactions A+B  AB

Dissociation of Salts and Solubility Figure 2.5 hydrophobic hydrophilic

The Chemistry of Life  Elements and the Periodic Table  Atomic Structure  Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule  Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds  Chemical Reactions  Acids, Bases, and pH  Functional Groups  Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides  Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids  Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides  Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

Acids, Bases, and Salts Figure 2.6a

Acid-Base Balance: The pH Scale H 2 O H + + OH - water hydrogen ion hydroxide ion

The Chemistry of Life  Elements and the Periodic Table  Atomic Structure  Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule  Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds  Chemical Reactions  Acids, Bases, and pH  Functional Groups  Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides  Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids  Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides  Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA

Table 2.3.1

Large Biological Molecules Are Polymers of Monomers monomers The Four Classes of Biological Molecules –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic acids HOHOOHOH OOOHOHHOHO + HOH HOHOOHOH HOHOOHOH Dehydration/condensation polymer Hydrolysis + HOH