Turn to the pages the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th Amendments. Then describe how you think African Americans felt about them and the direction of our country. Pick a symbol that would represent A.A. feelings. PREDICT what you think many Southern whites thought about these new laws and how they may respond to them. QUESTION #1

The World of Jim Crow “Separate but equal”

The World of Jim Crow 4 min. – FIND EXAMPLES OF HOW AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE MARGINALIZED.

Jim Crow and its Impact Jim Crow were simply laws that segregated A.A. and treated them as second class citizens. (De Jure Segregation) It was not until after Radical Reconstruction ended in 1877 that Jim Crow was born. Jim Crow laws dominated every aspect of southern daily life. They required the separation of blacks and whites in schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, and on transportation systems. Facilities designated for A.A were almost always inferior. Chapter 9, Section 3

Jim Crow Laws from Various States Nurses: No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed. Alabama Pool and Billiard Rooms: It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. Alabama Intermarriage: It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void. Georgia Burial: The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons. Georgia Textbooks: Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. North Carolina

Challenging Jim Crow A.A. felt that the Jim Crow laws violated the 14 th Amendment that provided equal protection under the law. In 1896 Homer Plessy(7/8 th Caucasian) argued that his right to equal protection against the law was violated by a Louisiana law that required separate seating for white and black citizens on public railroads. –Plessy tried to sit in the “white” area of a train. From this case The Supreme Court’s established the “separate-but-equal” doctrine in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court ruled, 7-2, that the 14 th Amendment said that Blacks did not have the right to the same facilities, just equal. The Court created the doctrine “separate but equal” that served as the organizing legal justification for racial segregation for over 50 years. Consequence of Plessy v. Ferguson and “separate but equal”.

Racial Inequality and Politics Due to new Amendments added to the Constitution that gave African Americans more rights: outlawing slavery, granting citizenship and voting rights, many southern whites wanted to limit them as much as possible. After Reconstruction ended, Southern states tried to regain control and power by limiting African Americans ability to vote. This is known as attempting to disenfranchise African Americans or limiting their ability to vote. –Through disenfranchisement, this limited A.A. ability to become politically active. It is estimated that of 181,000 African- American males of voting age in Alabama in 1900, only 3,000 were registered to vote.

Means of Disenfranchisement Literacy Tests Voter qualification laws mandated that a person had to be literate...to have the ability to read and write. Most A.A. were asked to read the Constitution or take tests answering questions about it. Big problem due to many A.A. were former slaves had no formal educational opportunities. This essentially took away the right to vote for A.A Alabama Literacy Test 1. Which of the following is a right guaranteed by the Bill of Rights? _____Public Education _____Employment _____Trial by Jury _____Voting 2. The federal census of population is taken every five years. _____True _____False 3. If a person is indicted for a crime, name two rights which he has. ______________________ ________________________ 4. A U.S. senator elected at the general election in November takes office the following year on what date? ___________________________________________ ______ 5. A President elected at the general election in November takes office the following year on what date? ___________________________________________ ___________________________

Means of Disenfranchisement Grandfather Clause Voter qualification laws that mandated that person could only vote if their grandfather had been eligible to vote and had been a citizen. –This law exempted men from voting restrictions. Since most slaves’ grandfathers had also been slaves they did not qualify to vote under these laws.

Means of Disenfranchisement Poll Taxes Voter qualification laws that mandated that a person had to pay a two dollar tax in order to vote. A lot of money for newly freed African American and most could not afford it. How did Southern governments get away with this? –According to the Constitution, laws regarding voter qualifications were a reserved power left up to the states. –This is how they got around the 15th Amendment.

Chapter 9, Section 3 Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, It is these voting restrictions that kept A.A. from voting.

Violence Against African Americans Violence or the threat of violence was a way that whites kept African Americans “in their place.” The worst form of violence was lynching, or the murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial.

Violence Against African Americans Role of the Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan's long history of violence grew out of the resentment and hatred many white Southerners felt in the aftermath of the Civil War. A.A., having won the struggle for freedom from slavery, were now faced with a new struggle against widespread racism and the terrorism of the Ku Klux Klan. Their long term goal was to keep African Americans in the role of submissive laborers. Their terror tactics varied but often large groups would appear at night surrounding A.A. homes carrying guns and whips, plant burning crosses in their yards, drag people from homes an harass, torture, kidnap or murder. Discriminated not only against A.A., but also Republicans, Catholics and Jews. part 2 10 minhttp://

Obstacles African Americans Faced What does this cartoon imply about A.A.’s freedom and equality within the U.S. compared to others? Explain.

Progressive Era Reforms? How would you reform the United States to make life more fair for African Americans?

The World of Jim Crow—Assessment What was the purpose of the grandfather clause? (A)It exempted white men from certain voting restrictions if their grandfathers had voted. (B)It gave the vote to people with grandfathers. (C)It kept black grandfathers from voting. (D)It exempted black voters from paying a poll tax. Plessy v. Ferguson was a Supreme Court decision that established the doctrine of ________________. (A)universal integration (B)separate but equal (C)separate but unequal (D)universal suffrage Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 9, Section 3

The World of Jim Crow—Assessment What was the purpose of the grandfather clause? (A)It exempted white men from certain voting restrictions if their grandfathers had voted. (B)It gave the vote to people with grandfathers. (C)It kept black grandfathers from voting. (D)It exempted black voters from paying a poll tax. Plessy v. Ferguson was a Supreme Court decision that established the doctrine of ________________. (A)universal integration (B)separate but equal (C)separate but unequal (D)universal suffrage Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 9, Section 3