1 Immigration

2 Table of Contents Immigrants at Work Immigrant Enclaves and Tenement LifeImmigrant Enclaves and Tenement Life Anti-Immigration Ellis Island The Journey

3 Purchasing tickets for the passage Waiting to board the ship Conditions onboard the ship Steerage

4 The Journey

5 Do you think the passengers on this ship were wealthy or poor? What clues do you see in the picture that might help you answer this question?

6 What might the weather have been like on deck when this picture was taken? How can you tell?

7 Why might these passengers have been up on deck in cold weather?

8 Do you think families might have traveled together on this ship? What evidence in this photo might lead you to this conclusion?

9 What does this woman appear to be doing? What can you deduce about her from this action?

10 Who do you think might have taken this photo? What might have been his or her reason for taking the picture?

11 Ellis Island Most, but not all, immigrants to the United States went through Ellis Island beginning in 1892 Medical examination Legal examination Most Ellis Island immigrants allowed into the U.S.

12 Arrival at Ellis Island

13 What appears to be going on in this picture?

14 What might have been the purposes of eye inspections on Ellis Island?

15 How do you think the passengers in this picture might have been feeling—tired, energetic, solemn, exuberant? What evidence can you find to support your answer?

16 Describe the appearance of the people on the bench. Do they appear to be wealthy or poor? How are they carrying their belongings?

17 What do you think was the purpose of the chain-link fences and of the guard in the background? How did the presence of fences and guards contribute to the overall atmosphere in this part of Ellis Island?

18 Immigrant Enclaves and Tenement Life Ethnic enclaves Tenements Immigrant stores

19

20 What type of business is this? From which country were the immigrants who operated this business?

21 Would you say this was a family-run store? Why or why not?

22 Is this exclusively a commercial property, or do you see evidence that people lived here as well?

23 Does this appear to be an urban, suburban, or rural area? What clues do you see to support your answer?

24 Some of the store’s products appear to be outside on the sidewalk. Why do you think the owners of the store did this?

25 Several people appear to be hanging around outside the store. Why might this have been the case?

26 Immigrants at Work Variety of jobs Piece work Factory work Entrepreneurship Low wages

27 Immigrants at Work

28 What is this family doing? Where do they appear to be sitting?

29 Do they appear to be sewing one item or many? Does it look like each person is working on a variety of different things or on things that are all the same?

30 This type of work was more commonly done by women. Why might an immigrant man have been sewing?

31 Does this family appear to be affluent, middle class, or poor? What possessions do they have in their house, and what do these possessions indicate about their socioeconomic status?

32 Rather than using sewing machines, they appear to be sewing by hand. What might this indicate about their socioeconomic status and/or the nature of the work?

33 Do they appear to be working during the day or the night? What might this suggest about their lifestyle and work responsibilities?

34 Immigrants at Work

35 Where is this picture set? Is it in an urban or a rural area?

36 How did the immigrant who operated this cart make a living? What was he selling? What does this tell you about the differences between selling and shopping in the late 19th century and today?

37 What does this tell you about the time period? What skills would the immigrant have needed besides knowing how to sell his wares? How did this cart get from place to place?

38 Nativism Nativism - Opposing Immigration Focused on groups arriving in the largest numbers Discrimination Methods: Cartoons Politics Exclusionary laws

39 Huddled Masses 1840s to 1880s- Irish & Germans (Immigrants were mainly Catholics) 1880s to 1920s-Italians, Russians, Polish & Czechs

40 Politics The Know-Nothing PartyThe Know-Nothing Party (1850s)- An anti- immigrant party concerned with stopping the large numbers of Catholic immigrants, primarily from Ireland, from entering the U.S.

41 Exclusionary legislation Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act (1882). Congress passed an act to stop Chinese from immigrating into the U.S. and prohibited Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens.

42 Political Cartoons

43 Who is the person in this part of the picture?

44 Who is the person in this part of the picture?

45 What was the “great fear of the period?” What were the reasons for this fear?

46 What do you see in the background? Why did the cartoonist include this as part of the background?

47 What is happening in this part of the cartoon?

48 What is happening in this final scene? Why do you think the cartoon ends in this way?

49 In what way do you think this cartoon shows a solution to the “problem,” as perceived by the cartoonist?

50