Post Darwinian Developments III. Paleontology A. Intermediate Fossils

Ichthyostega FISH AMPHIBIANS XXX - Fins and gill covers (FISH) - Feet (AMPHIBIANS) - After fish, before amphibians (just where evolution predicts it should be)

D. Devonian ( mya) - Placoderms - Sharks - Lobe-finned Fishes 385 mya 365 mya

Eusthenopteron

Panderichthys rhombolepis

Tiktaalik roseae

Acanthostega gunnari

Ichthyostega sp.

Archeopteryx REPTILES BIRDS XXX - Fingers, teeth, tail (Reptiles) -Feathers (birds) - After reptiles, before birds (just where evolution predicts it should be)

Therapsids REPTILES MAMMALS XXX - Mammalian skeleton - Intermediate ear - scales - After reptiles, before mammals (just where evolution predicts it should be)

Mammals from the Jurassic (185 mya) Pelycosaur Reptiles of the Carboniferous (300 mya) Therapsids from the Permian (280 mya) to the Triassic (200mya)

Australopithecines Australopithecus afarensis

Teeth

Legs

Skulls

Australopithecines APES HUMANS XXX - After apes, before humans (just where evolution predicts it should be) - bipedal (human trait) - chimp-sized cranial volume

Post Darwinian Developments III. Paleontology A. Intermediate Fossils B. A test of four hypotheses using fossils

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? 1. Four Alternate Hypotheses A.B. C.D. A B C D A B C D A B C DA B C D E A B C D E F F A B C DE FE F G H G

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? A. 2. Testing Hypotheses in an experiment: - if ‘A’ is true, then we should see the same species in all layers of the fossil record. A B C D

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? B. 2. Testing Hypotheses in an experiment: - if ‘B’ is true, then we should see different species in the layers of the fossil record, but no intermediates. A B C D A B C D E F E F

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? C. 2. Testing Hypotheses in an experiment: - if ‘C’ is true, then we should see different species in the layers of the fossil record, intermediates (E  A) but no shared intermediates (linking A and B). A B C D E F G H

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? D. 2. Testing Hypotheses in an experiment: - if ‘D’ is true, then we should see different species in the layers of the fossil record, and shared intermediates (linking A and B). A B C D E F G

- RESULTS: Data from the physical world: * Fossils differ from species alive today (refutes ‘A’)

- RESULTS: Data from the physical world: * There are sequences of intermediate fossils (refutes ‘B’)

Ichthyostega FISH AMPHIBIANS XXX - Fins and gill covers (FISH) - Feet (AMPHIBIANS) - After fish, before amphibians (just where evolution predicts it should be) - RESULTS: Data from the physical world: * There are “linking species” – (refutes ‘C’)

Conclusion: Hypotheses A, B, and C are refuted by physical evidence, and hypothesis D is supported. This is the Theory of Evolution by Common Ancestry A.B. C.D. A B C D A B C D A B C DA B C D E A B C D E F F A B C DE FE F G H G