Chapter 17 Lecture Weather and the Atmosphere

There is a 19 question test within this PowerPoint review, SO LISTEN, AND PAY ATTENTION, EVEN TAKE NOTES IF YOU WANT TO DO GOOD BUT NO COPYING WORD FOR WORD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

I. Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere Topic 1 What is Weather? Topic 1 What is Weather? –Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place. –Meteorology is the study of the entire atmosphere, including its weather.

Topic 2 Observing the Weather Topic 2 Observing the Weather –Scientists can study and describe the weather without instrumentation through direct observations. –Ancient mariners were able to tell when storms approached by noticing the types of clouds forming. –Wind direction can be shown by flags.

Topic 2 Observing the Weather Topic 2 Observing the Weather –Wind strength can be determined by observing wind effects on objects using the Beaufort Scale – named for Sir Francis.

Topic 2 Observing the Weather Topic 2 Observing the Weather –You cannot accurately tell temperature without instrumentation.

Topic 2 Observing the Weather Topic 2 Observing the Weather –The actual temperature does not always reflect how cold it may feel to you. Therefore, the air temperature is converted into a scale that reflects what the body feels called “wind-chill factor.”

#1--What is the wind chill factor temperature when it is -20 outside and the wind is Blowing 30 mph

Topic 2 Observing the Weather Topic 2 Observing the Weather –In order to predict weather, over a long period of time, you must: Observe clouds Observe clouds Wind Wind Temperature Temperature Humidity Humidity Air pressure, Air pressure, Precipitation Precipitation Look for patterns, and how all the above things relate to each other. Look for patterns, and how all the above things relate to each other.

# 2--In order to predict weather, name two things you must observe over a long period of time.

Topic 3 Composition of the Atmosphere Topic 3 Composition of the Atmosphere –Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Two main gases are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). Together they make up 99% of the air. Two main gases are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). Together they make up 99% of the air. The remaining 1% is mostly argon and CO 2. The remaining 1% is mostly argon and CO 2.

# 3--Name the two main gases you are breathing right now. # 3--Name the two main gases you are breathing right now. # 4—What percentage of the air do they make up? # 4—What percentage of the air do they make up?

Topic 3 Composition of the Atmosphere Topic 3 Composition of the Atmosphere –With increasing altitude, the air gets thinner. The percentages of gases by volume remain the same, however. The percentages of gases by volume remain the same, however.

Topic 3 Composition of the Atmosphere Topic 3 Composition of the Atmosphere –Gas molecules in the air push against each other, creating columns of air pressing down onto the Earth. 99% of the Earth’s atmospheric weight is found within 32 km of the earth (19.8 miles). 99% of the Earth’s atmospheric weight is found within 32 km of the earth (19.8 miles).

# 5--99% of the Earth’s atmospheric weight is found within ___km of the earth (_____ miles) Tell me in miles or km, which ever you remember!

Topic 4 Water Vapor, Ozone, and Dust Topic 4 Water Vapor, Ozone, and Dust –Air always has some amount of water in it. Water becomes a gas in the air through evaporation and transpiration. Water becomes a gas in the air through evaporation and transpiration.

# 6--Water becomes a gas in the air through ______________ and transpiration.

Topic 4 Water Vapor, Ozone, and Dust Topic 4 Water Vapor, Ozone, and Dust –The atmosphere contains ozone. Ozone (O 3 ) is formed in the upper atmosphere. Ozone (O 3 ) is formed in the upper atmosphere. –In the presence of sunlight, oxygen (O 2 ) reacts with nitrogen oxides (NO 2 ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to produce ozone (O 3 ).

Topic 4 Water Vapor, Ozone, and Dust Topic 4 Water Vapor, Ozone, and Dust –Ozone protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. –Some ozone is destroyed naturally during the night due to the lack of light rays, or in colder regions. However, CFC’s found in coolants and other products destroy ozone. However, CFC’s found in coolants and other products destroy ozone.

Topic 4 Water Vapor, Ozone, and Dust Topic 4 Water Vapor, Ozone, and Dust –CFC’s have created holes in the ozone located over the poles. The hole over Antarctica is largest during September and October. The hole over Antarctica is largest during September and October. The hole over the Arctic is largest during our winter. The hole over the Arctic is largest during our winter.

# 7--What does the ozone protect earth from?

Topic 5 Structure of the Atmosphere Topic 5 Structure of the Atmosphere –The Earth has four atmosphere layers. The layers are divided based on the changes in temperature. The layers are divided based on the changes in temperature. The troposphere is where weather occurs, and life exists. The troposphere is where weather occurs, and life exists. –At the top of this layer is the tropopause. The temperature here remains constant for a couple km.

# 8--What layer does weather come from and life exist?

Topic 5 Structure of the Atmosphere Topic 5 Structure of the Atmosphere –The stratosphere is where airplanes travel because the weather remains almost constant. Temperature rises in the stratosphere due to the presence of ozone, which absorbs 99% of the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Temperature rises in the stratosphere due to the presence of ozone, which absorbs 99% of the sun’s ultraviolet rays. There is also a temperature pause at the top of the stratosphere called the stratopause. There is also a temperature pause at the top of the stratosphere called the stratopause.

Topic 5 Structure of the Atmosphere Topic 5 Structure of the Atmosphere –Temperatures fall in the mesosphere, and rise again in the thermosphere. Temperature rises in the thermosphere due to nitrogen and oxygen absorbing solar radiation. Temperature rises in the thermosphere due to nitrogen and oxygen absorbing solar radiation.

Topic 6 The Ionosphere Topic 6 The Ionosphere –The ionosphere is a place where large concentrations of charged particles called ions exist. The ionosphere is located between 65 and 500 km. The ionosphere is located between 65 and 500 km. –The ion particles are oxygen atoms that lose electrons through exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Topic 6 The Ionosphere Topic 6 The Ionosphere –The ionosphere helps bounce radio waves back to Earth. –When large bursts of solar radiation hit the ionosphere, auroras form at the poles.

#9—What layer do planes travel in because the weather is almost always constant?

II. Heating of the Atmosphere Topic 7 How Heat Moves Topic 7 How Heat Moves –Heat is transferred into and through our atmosphere in three ways: Radiation – electromagnetic waves travel to earth from the sun and are absorbed. Radiation – electromagnetic waves travel to earth from the sun and are absorbed. –It is the only way energy can enter the atmosphere. It keeps the atmosphere warm. –Short waves –Are seen as – visible light

Insolation In-so-la-tion In-so-la-tion Incoming Incoming Solar Solar Radiation Radiation Highest temperature not at noon Highest temperature not at noon Lower air receives more heat from the sun until the afternoon, then it looses it. Lower air receives more heat from the sun until the afternoon, then it looses it.

Topic 7 How Heat Moves Topic 7 How Heat Moves Conduction - Heat is transferred by objects in contact with each other. Conduction - Heat is transferred by objects in contact with each other. –Air comes into contact with the ground or water.

Topic 7 How Heat Moves Topic 7 How Heat Moves Convection - Most effective form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Convection - Most effective form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. –Liquids and gases are heated, rise, cool, and fall creating convection currents.

Topic 8 The Heat Balance of the Earth and Atmosphere Topic 8 The Heat Balance of the Earth and Atmosphere –The Earth has a heat budget – which is a balance between energy entering and leaving. The Earth will either become increasingly cold, or increasingly hot if the energy is not balanced. The Earth will either become increasingly cold, or increasingly hot if the energy is not balanced. 30% 51% 19% absorbed by water and clouds Heat from the Earth is radiated out to space as infrared waves (21%), or through conduction and convection (30%).

Topic 9 Absorption and the Greenhouse Effect Topic 9 Absorption and the Greenhouse Effect –Infrared rays leaving the Earth should go back out to space; however, greenhouse gases trap them here. – The Earth does need a small amount of energy trapped in order to stay warm The Earth does need a small amount of energy trapped in order to stay warm However, too much causes global warming. However, too much causes global warming.

Topic 9 Absorption and the Greenhouse Effect Topic 9 Absorption and the Greenhouse Effect –Burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests increases the amount of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are CO 2 and water vapor, CFCs, nitrous oxides, and methane. Greenhouse gases are CO 2 and water vapor, CFCs, nitrous oxides, and methane.

# 10— Burning_______________ fuels and cutting down #11-- _________ increases the amount of greenhouse gases

III. How and Why the Temperature Varies Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude - Air near the ground is warmest because it is heated through conduction. –Heat is transferred away from the ground through convection.

# 12-- Heat is transferred away from the ground through _______________.

Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude –Because there is less pressure higher in the atmosphere, air molecules move farther apart and cannot transfer heat energy as easily. This causes air to cool with altitude. This causes air to cool with altitude.

# 13-- Temperature Drops with ______________.

Calculating Temperature Temperature range: high minus low Temperature range: high minus low Example: 45° F high, 20° F low Example: 45° F high, 20° F low Range = 25 Range = 25 Average Temperature = Sum of high and the sum of the low divided by 2 Average Temperature = Sum of high and the sum of the low divided by 2 Example: 50° F + 30°F =80/2 = 40°F Example: 50° F + 30°F =80/2 = 40°F

Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude Air cools with altitude at the average rate of 1°C per 160 meters. Air cools with altitude at the average rate of 1°C per 160 meters. –This is called the normal lapse rate, and is an average inside our outside clouds. –Outside of clouds the temperature changes at a rate of 1°C every 100 meters.

Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude The change in air temperature due to pressure change is called adiabatic. The change in air temperature due to pressure change is called adiabatic. Outside of clouds the change is called dry-adiabatic. Outside of clouds the change is called dry-adiabatic.

Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude Topic 10 Temperature Drops with Altitude A balloon is released at the ground, and the temperature at that level is 15°C, when the balloon reaches 2000 meters, the air temperature is 2.5°C. A balloon is released at the ground, and the temperature at that level is 15°C, when the balloon reaches 2000 meters, the air temperature is 2.5°C. 2000/160 = 12.5; 15 – 12.5 = °C 2000 m 2.5°C

Topic 11 Temperature Inversions Topic 11 Temperature Inversions –Sometimes air at the surface is colder than air above it. This is called temperature inversion.

# Sometimes air at the surface is colder than air above it. This is called temperature _________________.

Topic 11 Temperature Inversions Topic 11 Temperature Inversions –Inversions form during clear, dry nights. The ground and the air just above the ground cool quickly. The ground and the air just above the ground cool quickly. Since this air is heavy, it can trap pollution inside valleys, like L.A. Since this air is heavy, it can trap pollution inside valleys, like L.A. –Inversions disappear when the ground warms the next day, or strong winds mix the air.

Topic 12 Seasons and the Sun’s Rays Topic 12 Seasons and the Sun’s Rays – Seasons are affected by the angle of the sun’s rays hitting the Earth. Since the Earth is tilted, the angle of the sun’s rays change. Since the Earth is tilted, the angle of the sun’s rays change. During the winter the sun’s rays hit the northern latitudes at an angle. During the winter the sun’s rays hit the northern latitudes at an angle. During the summer the rays are more vertical. During the summer the rays are more vertical.

Topic 12 Seasons and the Sun’s Rays Topic 12 Seasons and the Sun’s Rays At the equator, the sun’s rays are always vertical. At the equator, the sun’s rays are always vertical. –Temperatures at the equator changes very little.

Topic 12 Seasons and the Sun’s Rays Topic 12 Seasons and the Sun’s Rays Middle latitudes get vertical rays during the summer, and angled rays during the winter. Middle latitudes get vertical rays during the summer, and angled rays during the winter. –There are large temperatures variations at the mid latitudes.

Topic 13 Warmest and Coldest Hours Topic 13 Warmest and Coldest Hours –The warmest time of day during summer months is in the afternoon. This is because the sun is vertical during noon time, and the ground starts to release that energy in the afternoon, heating up the air. This is because the sun is vertical during noon time, and the ground starts to release that energy in the afternoon, heating up the air.

Topic 13 Warmest and Coldest Hours Topic 13 Warmest and Coldest Hours –Temperature range is the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature. There are daily, monthly, and yearly temperature ranges. There are daily, monthly, and yearly temperature ranges.

Topic 13 Warmest and Coldest Hours Topic 13 Warmest and Coldest Hours –Daily temperature ranges are high on clear days, and lowest on cloudy days.

Topic 14 Warmest and Coldest Months Topic 14 Warmest and Coldest Months –Annual temperature range is the difference between the average monthly temperatures of the coldest and hottest months.

Topic 15 Heating of Land and Water Topic 15 Heating of Land and Water –Land areas have higher temperature ranges than oceans. Land gains and loses heat very easily, due to the metals in them. Land gains and loses heat very easily, due to the metals in them. –Water does not warm or cool as easily.

# 15 --What has higher temperature ranges, land or water?

Topic 15 Heating of Land and Water Topic 15 Heating of Land and Water –There are also temperature differences in land areas, darker dirt, and rough surfaces absorb and lose more heat than light dirt.

IV Measuring Air Temperature Topic 16 & 17 Temperature and Thermometers Topic 16 & 17 Temperature and Thermometers –There are two types of thermometers, mercury and alcohol. Mercury thermometers are more accurate. Mercury thermometers are more accurate.

# 16 --Which type of thermometers measuring air temperature are more accurate?

IV Measuring Air Temperature Topic 16 & 17 Temperature Scales Topic 16 & 17 Temperature Scales –Differences between the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales: –Celcius scale is almost twice as large as Fahrenheit.  1°C = 1.8°F or 1°F = 5/9°C

Topic 18 Isotherms Topic 18 Isotherms –Isotherms are lines drawn on a map that connect places with the same temperature. These help scientist view data over a large area, and they can use this information to look at weather patterns. These help scientist view data over a large area, and they can use this information to look at weather patterns.

Topic 18 Isotherms Topic 18 Isotherms –Isotherms are more irregular in the northern hemisphere because there are more land masses in the north.

Topic 19 Why Isotherms Shift Topic 19 Why Isotherms Shift Isotherms shift because of the change in the angle of the sun during winter and summer. Isotherms shift because of the change in the angle of the sun during winter and summer. They shift the most in areas with large amounts of land mass, like the northern hemisphere. They shift the most in areas with large amounts of land mass, like the northern hemisphere. –Land absorbs and loses energy faster than water areas.

Extra credit!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! # 17 --Why does land heat more rapidly than water and cool more rapidly than water? (2 points) # 18 –What is t hat important weather term that refers to the transfer of heat and is a main reason we have weather? (1 point)

Extra Credit continued # 19 – What is the main source of life and why we can live on this planet? (1 point)