Genetic Errors & Mutations. DNA Sequence: TAC – AAG – CTG – CAT – ATT RNA Sequence: AUG – UUC – GAC – GUA – UAA Amino Acid Sequence: Met – Phenylalanine.

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Genetic Errors & Mutations

DNA Sequence: TAC – AAG – CTG – CAT – ATT RNA Sequence: AUG – UUC – GAC – GUA – UAA Amino Acid Sequence: Met – Phenylalanine – Aspartic acid – Valine - STOP

Point mutation: single base (letter) is changed BAT becomes CATATC becomes GTC Errors Transcription is like reading a book. If you change a letter, it will change the word.

Frameshift mutation: insertion/ deletion of a base  changes reading frame Errors Example: “THE CAT SAT” If extra letter “A” is added after “THE” then the sentence will read as “THE ACA TSA T”

Errors Silent mutation: results in a codon that codes for same amino acid Example: mRNA codon UCU and UCC BOTH codons code for Serine

Errors Nonsense mutation: stop codon is transcribed in place of codon that codes for an amino acid Example: mRNA codon UAC is changed to UAA UAC  Tyrosine UAA  STOP  shortened protein chain

Translocation Pieces of chromosome jump to diff. chromosomes

Meiosis Review Cell division occurs TWICE - at the end of Meiosis I & Meiosis II

Nondisjunction Having an extra chromosome due to mutation in Meiosis

Trinucleotide (Triplet) Repeat Expansion A triplet (3) of nucleotides, like CAG, repeat over and over. Protein will be either too long, or not made at all