“Oh my friends, the down trodden operatives of Coketown! Oh my friends and fellow countrymen, the slaves of an ironhanded and a grinding despotism! Oh my friends and fellow sufferers, and fellow workmen, and fellow men! I tell you that the hour is come, when we must rally round one another as One united power, and crumble into dust the oppressors that too long have battened upon the plunder of our families, upon the sweat of our brow, upon the labour of our hands, upon the strength of our sinews, upon the god created rights of Humanity, and upon the holy and eternal privileges of humanity. And upon the holy and eternal privileges of Brotherhood! “ Charles Dickens, Hard Times, Book 1, Chapter 5, 1854 Text book reference p103.

Examine the relationship between the principles of liberalism and the origins of classic liberal thought Identify key specific perspectives on classic Liberalism from John Locke, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill) Learning Objective 2.5

What are the key principles of Liberalism? Avoid the confusion with a certain political party?! Reviewing key understandings

History?!

Class time line

Historical Growth of Liberalism Before 14 th Century.

Historical movements. Renaissance-14 th -16 th Century-Sparked a belief in the importance of the individual  “Reason was a significant as faith for a believer of Christianity” p106 textbook.

Leonardo Di Vinci atch?v=Pir_H7kf_JU atch?v=Pir_H7kf_JU His quest for all there was to know.

Historical Movements (continued) Enlightenment/Age of reason 17 th 18 th Century  Society comes into contact with other societies and Ideologies around the world.  More logical thinking and reason.  Questioning of authority. E.G. The Catholic Church!  What do you think this led to?

Enlightenment continued Religious warfare was rife Imperial expansion dominated the social political and economic affairs of Europe. Examples

English civil war cZE cZE

Classical Liberalism established From the turbulent political and economic times a new order/ideology emerged that shaped the way that society was run for a long period of time. Elements of Classic Liberalism still exist today.

Classical Liberalism th Century Key Elements  The primacy of Individual rights  The belief that humans are reasonable and can make rational decisions that will benefit both themselves and society.  Economic Freedom-Private property, free markets,  Protection of civil liberties  Constitutional limitations on government.

Why look at historical thinkers?

Thomas Hobbes Concerned with the problem of political and social order. How could human beings live together in peace and avoid the problems of civil conflict. See life as “nasty brutish and short.” He had a lot of experience with civil war and saw humans as inherently selfish. He saw that if human selfishness is left unchecked chaos could rule. Hobbes goal was for people to give up some of their sovereignty in return for security. He notes that if there is not security for the individual, the government should be held accountable for this. ure=fvw ure=fvw England

John Locke ( ) Deeply opposed to the authoritarianism of the Church and the state. Believed that the individuals had the right to use their reason and logic to make their own decisions. “reason must be our last judge and guide in everything.” Believed in a Social Contract=People give up some natural rights to receive social order and security for themselves and their property. England

John Locke “the reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of their property; and the end why they chose and authorize a legislature, is, that there may be laws made, and rules set, as guards and fences to the properties of all the members of the society: to limit the power, and moderate the dominion, of every part and member of the society. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, Book 2, Chapter 19, Section 221, 1690

Charles de Secondat, baron Montesquieu ( ) An enlightenment thinker. Montesquieu believed in the worth of the individual, the equality of individuals, and the accountability of government. He strongly believed in the separation of powers. The government should be divided into three branches: executive, legislature, and judicial. He believed in the power of the people in government procedure, in Democracy, and that everyone should be aware of the workings of government. France

Charles de Secondat, baron Montesquieu ( ) “The Tyranny of a prince in an oligarchy is not so dangerous to the public welfare as the apathy of a citizen in a democracy.” “It is clear that in a monarchy, where he who commands the execution of the laws generally thinks himself above them, there is less need of virtue than in a popular government, where the person entrusted with the execution of the laws is sensible to his being subject to their direction” Montesquieu, The spirit of laws, Book 3, Part This is the way we do things now, but back then, this Ideology meant that the status quo was being challenged! People, especially the rich people.

Adam Smith ( ) Scottish.-Says it all really! Mercantilism benefitted the state, Smith disagreed, and believed that if individuals were allowed to pursue their own goals, everyone would benefit. Published a book called The Wealth of Nations.

Adam Smith Advocated a free market. Invisible hand. Government should not interfere with economy unless there is an urgent need. Laissez faire capitalism. We will be talking about this in more detail

John Stuart Mill ( ) Interested in the protection of individual freedom and the promotion of individual decision making as the core of societal institutions. Only restraints should be put in to stop other people’s freedom being inhibited. Was a strong advocate for freedom of speech. England

John Stewart Mill “if all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.” John Stuart Mill, On liberty, Chapter 2, 1859

ThinkersBeliefsHow were they radical at that time How are their Ideals related to Classical Liberalism Hobbes Locke Montesquieu Adam Smith John Mill

Questions for reflection. What is the social contract? Is school an example of a social contract? Which thinkers best represent your own viewpoints and why?

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Idea’s for learning. Class sized time line. Identifying the perspectives of different key players. Plays-Dramatization of a conversation between them? What would they agree with or disagree on? What would be their driving point. If I were to meet him ? A conversation between them. Research mini clips on each of the eras.