Human memory systems NBE-E5700 Cognitive neuroscience Mirva Kallio

Outline 1.Classical conditioning 2.Organization of information and different types of memories – Three-stages model – Short-term memory/working memory – Long-term memory 3.Capacity of the long-term memory – Schemas – Recontructive memory 2

Classical conditioning 3 Ivan Pavlov 1927

Three-stages model 4 SENSORY MEMORY msecs-secs SENSORY MEMORY msecs-secs SHORT-TERM MEMORY/ WORKING MEMORY < 1min SHORT-TERM MEMORY/ WORKING MEMORY < 1min LONG-TERM MEMORY 1 sec - Lifetime LONG-TERM MEMORY 1 sec - Lifetime Environmental Stimuli AttentionEncoding

SENSORY MEMORY WORKING MEMORY LONG-TERM MEMORY Visuo-spatial Sketchpad Visuo-spatial Sketchpad Phonological loop Central executive Iconic Echoic < 0.5 sec 3-4 sec 7 ± 2 5 Episodic buffer

Declarative Memory Declarative Memory Non-Declarative Memory Non-Declarative Memory Procedural Memory Learned actions and skills Procedural Memory Learned actions and skills Episodic Memory Personal experiences Events Episodic Memory Personal experiences Events Semantic Memory General knowledge Facts Semantic Memory General knowledge Facts 6 LONG-TERM MEMORY

Schemas explain long-term memory capacity A schema is a mental model of an object or event that includes knowledge as well as beliefs and expectations Long-Time memory storage is organized into schemas Schemas help organize and interpret information. Example: Some people dislike police because they have a schema of police as people who see everyone as guilty until proven innocent. Other people feel safe around police as their schemas are more about police as brave protectors. 7

Schemas Related schemas are linked together, and information that activates one schema also activates others that are closely linked This is how we recall relevant knowledge when similar information is presented. 8 We build schemas in working memory and combine them into existing schemas in long- term memory We bring schemas from long- term memory into working memory to understand the world.

Reconstructive nature of memory Bartlett(1932) Memory is not just a stored copy of facts Memories are not perfectly formed, and they depend on outside influences to develop the whole picture. A person will remember only pieces of the memory  Brain fills in the gaps for you in order to form whole memory Memory = actual events + knowledge, experiences, expectations 9

Look at the picture! Brewer & Treyens (1981) Office of graduate student In an experiment subjects entered a graduate student’s office. 10

Recall items you saw in the office picture Brewer & Treyens (1981) Chair Desk Skull Bottle of wine Books (30% of subjects) 11 Items that are typical in the office, such as phones, are remembered even if the office did not furnish any

Reconstructive nature of memory subjects were used Subject 1 saw the original figure  Was asked to reproduce the picture after half an hour The reproduction was shown to subject 2 whose reproduction was shown to subject 3 and so on...  Schema-based recall of the drawing by each of the subjects.

Under hypnosis: Able to recall the plate number Hypnosis Subjects were shown a movie of a car accident After, they were asked what was the register plate number of the car: 13 Under normal state: Unable to recall the plate number The register plate number was never shown in the movie. Long-term memory do not store detailed accounts of life events but rather few significant details.

Take aways Classical conditioning Three-stages model Short-term memory/working memory Long-term memory Schemas Recontructive nature of memory 14

References BADDELEY, Working Memory, SCIENCE, VOL. 255, 1992 Iiro P. Jääskeläinen, Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience, 2012 Conditioning- Conditioning