Chapter 7: Memory Music: “Make a Memory” Bon Jovi “Do you remember” Featuring Jean Paul

Memory: Agenda 1. Reduction in reading for next test! Midterm #2 2. The Memory System (i) Sensory Memory From sensory to short-term memory (ii) Short Term Memory From short-term to long-term memory (iii) Long Term Memory Forgetting 3. Eye-Witness Testimonies 4. Application: Improving your memory 5. Movie: “Snake Phobia” 12 min.

1. Readings for Midterm #2 Chapter 5 “Variations in Consciousness” Chapter 6 “Learning” Chapter 7 “Memory” Chapter 8 “Language and Thought” Delete pages Chapter 9 Delete pages Evaluation: Midterm #2 will be worth 20% of your final grade Same format as Midterm #1 Start studying now!

2. The Memory System Fig. 7.6 p. 290

2. Three Key processes in Memory

2. (i) Sensory Memory Stores a perfect picture of the world, but for a fraction of a second See Sperling’s studies p. 274 Iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) sensory memories

2. (i) Sperling’s Studies p. 290

From Sensory to Short-Term Memory How does information get encoded and transferred onto the memory system? a) Automatic processing No effort required See implicit memories p. 312 b) Effortful processing Pay conscious effort and attention to hold info. In short-term memory See explicit memories p. 312

2. (ii) Short-Term Memory Semi-permanent storage Magic number: 7 (+ - 2) Information is lost after seconds unless it is rehearsed Maintenance rehearsal keeps the information there… Elaborative rehearsal brings the information to long term memory Type of encoding: p.287

Type of Encoding 2. (ii) Type of encoding, p. 287

2. (ii) From Short-Term to Long-Term Memory What helps us remember?? a) Type of encoding b) Self-referent encoding (self-schema) c) Imagery d) Mnemonics: method of loci Acronyms: e.g. Roy G. Biv

To long term memory… (cont’d) e) Chunking: e.g (1492) (1776) (1812) f) Organize information hierarchically g) Spacing effects: distributed practice leads to better long-term retention h) Time: over learn! i) Mood-dependent effects

2. (iii) Long Term Memory  Where information is stored in relatively permanent form  Capacity is seemingly infinite! 2 memory systems: p. 313 Declarative: Semantic (explicit memories/encyclopedia) Episodic (implicit memories/autobiography) Non-declarative, procedural “how to”; implicit memories based on practice or habit

p. 313

2. (iii) Forgetting Major reasons: a) failure to encode b) stored memories decay c) retrieval failure d) interference: Proactive and retroactive e) motivated forgetting: Freud’s concept of repression  Repressed memory controversy  p

2. (iii) Forgetting: The Story of HM The most famous and studied amnesiac p. 310

2. (iii) Forgetting: Interference p. 304

3. Eyewitness Testimony A case of constructive memory Discussed by professor in class Another illustration with Loftus Conclusion:  “Memories” for non-existent objects can be implanted  Memory is surprisingly unreliable

4. Improving your Memory  a) Pay Attention!  And over learn  b) Distributed practice  Take your time, and take time  c) Engage in deep processing  Make information personally meaningful  Provide examples for yourself  Link to previously acquired knowledge  d) Organize information hierarchically  e) Learn through several modalities  E.g. use visual imagery  (2 codes is better than 1)  f) Use mnemonics (where useful)  g) Minimize interference

4. Movie: Snake Phobia Can people with a specific phobia learn to quickly overcome their fears? You will see an actual demonstration of exposure therapy that helps a snake phobic overcome her severe phobic reaction in just three hours. (12 min.)