“Slave-ocracy” (plantation owners) The “Plain Folk” (small slave-owners & yeoman farmers) 8,000,000 Black Freemen Black Slaves 250,000 U.S. population in 1860 was 31,118,075 ( including slaves/ freeman ) 12,200,000 lived in the South 40% 3,950,000 Southern Society in 1860

Southern Population

Southern Agriculture

Slaves Picking Cotton on a Mississippi Plantation

Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

Changes in Cotton Production

Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

“Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings” William Henry Brown, 1842

Slaves Working in a Sugar-Boiling House, 1823

Slave Auction Notice, 1823

Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

Slave Master Brands Slave Accoutrements Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave tag, SC Slave Accoutrements Slave leg irons Slave shoes

Distribution of Slave Labor in 1850

Slave-Owning Population (1850)

Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.

Tara – Plantation Reality or Myth? Hollywood’s Version?

A Real Georgia Plantation

Scarlet and Mammie (Hollywood Again!)

A Real Mammie & Her Charge

The Southern “Belle”

A Slave Family

Slave Resistance 1.“SAMBO” pattern of behavior used as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

Slave Resistance 2.Refusal to work hard. 3.Isolated acts of sabotage. 4.Escape via the Underground Railroad.

Runaway Slave Ads

Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americas

Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South 1822 Gabriel Prosser 1800

Gabriel Prosser, was a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of Information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, and he and twenty-five followers were taken captive and hanged in punishment. In reaction, Virginia and other state legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as prohibiting the education, assembly, and hiring out of slaves, to restrict their chances to learn and to plan similar rebellions. In 2002 the City of Richmond passed a resolution in honor of Gabriel on the 202nd anniversary of the rebellion. In 2007 Governor Tim Kaine gave Gabriel and his followers an informal pardon, in recognition that his cause, "the end of slavery and the furtherance of equality for all people—has prevailed in the light of history".

Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South: Nat Turner, 1831

The Culture of Slavery 1.Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals. 2.“Pidgin” or Gullah languages. 3.Nuclear family with extended kin links, were possible. 4.Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Vesey had won a lottery and purchased his freedom at age 32 in He had a good business and a family, but was unable to buy his first wife Beck and their children out of slavery. Vesey became active in the Second Presbyterian Church; in 1818 and rapidly attracted 1,848 members, making this the second-largest AME congregation in the nation. In 1820 he was alleged to be the ringleader of a planned slave revolt. Vesey and his followers were said to be planning to kill slaveholders in Charleston, liberate the slaves, and sail to the black republic of Haiti for refuge.. Vesey and five slaves were among the first group of men rapidly judged guilty by the secret proceedings of a city- appointed Court and condemned to death; they were executed by hanging on July 2, Vesey was about age 55.