LANGUAGE and IDENTITY IN PAKISTAN TARIQ RAHMAN Ph. D D. Litt (Sheffield) DISTINGUISHED NATIONAL PROFESSOR EMERITUS, Pakistan

Linguistic Map of Pakistan

LANGUAGE-SPEAKERS IN 1951 LANGUAGEPERCENTAGE OF SPEAKERS BENGALI55.6 PER CENT PUNJABI29.0 PER CENT * URDU7.3 PER CENT SINDHI5.9 PER CENT PASHTO4.9 PER CENT BALOCHI1.5 PER CENT * MOTHER-TONGUE SPEAKERS ONLY. OUT OF THESE 1.1 PER CENT OF THE POPULATION LIVED IN EAST BENGAL. SOURCE:CENSUS 1951: TABLE 7 A SPEECH

LanguagePercentage of Speakers Number of Speakers Punjabi ,225,000 Pashto ,130,000 Sindhi ,150,000 Siraiki ,795,000 Urdu7.5711,355,000 Balochi3.575,355,000 Others4.666,990,000 Source: Census 2001: Table 2.7. The population is assumed to be 150 million in 2003 as it was 132, 352,000 in 1998 and the growth rate is 2.69 per cent.

 POLITICAL  GENDER  CLASS  RELIGIOUS TYPES OF IDENTITIES

ALL KINDS OF LP—STATUS PLANNING, CORPUS PLANNING, ACQUISITION PLANNING—HAVE POLITICAL AIMS AMONG OTHERS. THE STATUS OF A LANGUAGE (WILL IT BE A NATIONAL LANGUAGE? AN OFFICIAL ONE? ETC) IS DECIDED BY THE RULING ELITE IN ITS PERCEIVED INTEREST; QUESTIONS OF WHAT SCRIPT TO WRITE IT IN, WHAT WORDS TO USE, WHAT NEW TERMS TO DEVISE REFER TO QUESTIONS OF IDENTITY (CORPUS); AND PLANNING TO SPREAD THE USE OF A LANGUAGE (ACQUISITION) THROUGH THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND THE MEDIA ALSO REFERS TO THE PERCEIVED INTERESTS OF THE ELITE (COOPER 1989: 31-33) LANGUAGE PLANNING

THEORETICAL CONCEPTS POWER? DOMAINS OF POWER (GOVERNMENT, ADMINISTRATION, JUDICIARY, MILITARY, KNOWLEDGE INDUSTRY (EDUCATION; RESEARCH), MEDIA, COMMERCE, ENTERTAINMENT ETC. IDENTITY PRIMORDIALISM INSTRUMENTALISM RATIONAL/EXTRA-RATIONAL MOTIVATION. LANGUAGE AS A SYMBOL/TOOL FOR POLITICAL CONFLICT (A) ETHNIC (HORIZONTAL) (B) CLASS (VERTICAL) AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION.

ETHNIC CONFLICT TAMUDDUN MAJLIS AND THE DEMAND FOR BANGLA. THE 1948 BENGALI MOVEMENT (BHASHA ONDOLAN). THE 1951 BHASHA ONDOLAN AND EKUSHE THE TWO-ECONOMY THEORY. THE CREATION OF BANGLADESH. THE BENGALI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT

ETHNIC CONFLICT HINDUS IN SINDH BEFORE 1947 MOHAJIRS IN URBAN SINDH THE GRIEVANCES OF SINDHIS THE 1971 SINDHI-URDU CONTROVERSY THE 1972 SINDHI-URDU CONTROVERSY SINDHI IDENTITY AND SINDHI THE SINDHI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT

ETHNIC CONFLICT PASHTO AS A SYMBOL OF PASHTUN IDENTITY KHAN GHAFFAR AND PASHTO THE DEMAND FOR PASHTUNISTAN/ PAKHTUNKHWA THE CONTAINMENT OF THE PASHTO MOVEMENT PASHTO AS A SYMBOL OF PASHTUN IDENTITY. THE PASHTO LANGUAGE MOVEMENT

ETHNIC CONFLICT BALOCHISTAN AS AN ETHNICALLY DIVIDED PROVINCE. THE DARKHANI SCHOOL. BALOCHI/BRAHVI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT IN KARACHI/QUETTA. BALOCHI IN IRAN. THE MILITANT CHALLENGE TO THE CENTRE. THE POTENTIAL FOR UNREST. BALOCHI/BRAHVI LANGUAGE MOVEMENTS

ETHNIC CONFLICT DIFFERENT NAMES FOR THE VARIETIES OF THE LANGUAGE OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB. THE BAHAWALPUR SUBA MAHAZ. THE MULTAN CONFERENCE AND THE NAME OF SIRAIKI. THE SIRAIKI GRIEVANCES. THE SIRAIKI MOVEMENT

ETHNIC IDENTITY WHY PUNJABI WAS NOT RECOGNIZED AS THE VERNACULAR LANGUAGE OF THE PUNJAB. THE BRITISH, HINDU AND MUSLIM INDIFFERENCE TOWARDS PUNJABI (CONTEMPT? CULTURE-SHAME? ALIENATION? POLITICAL EXPEDIENCY?) PUNJABI AS A SIKH LANGUAGE. STATE SUSPICION OF PUNJABI. EFFORTS BY SUPPORTERS OF PUNJABI. THE PUNJABI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT

CLASS CONFLICT LANGUAGE AS A MARKER OF CLASS. CULTURAL CAPITAL IN LANGUAGE. THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION AND CLASS- BASED EDUCATION. MADRASSAS VERNACULAR MEDIUM ENGLISH-MEDIUM EDUCATION APARTHEID AND WORLD VIEW. THE POTENTIAL FOR VIOLENCE. LANGUAGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS

Words as Constructors of Gender 1.Gender discrimination (manliness=mardangi; immodesty=besharmi; honour=izzat). 2.Male normativity a. Banda kya Kare? What can a man do? b. Plural for respect/ verb is gendered as male ( tusi ae so= you (M) come (M). 3.Hiding of females a. ghar wale (people of the house). b. family (wife). c. bachchi (girl-child).

Words as Constructors of Class TERM USEDMEANINGIMPLICATIONS PARHE LIKHE LOGEDUCATED PEOPLEURBAN, PROFESSIONAL MIDDLE CLASS AND ABOVE ACCHA KHANDANGOOD FAMILYWEALTHY PEOPLE SHARIF LOGDECENT PEOPLEUPPER AND MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE PEECHE SE RAEES RICH SINCE MANY GENERATIONS WEALTHY--MOST PROBABLY FROM INCOME FROM LAND. KHATE PEETETHOSE WHO HAVE ENOUGH TO EAT AND DRINK AFFLUENT

Words as Constructors of Religious Identity 1.Daheria (Worldly, temporal but it implies godless, atheist). 2.La deen (without religion. It is used for secular people and worldview). 3.Secular (is becoming a term of social condensation close to (1) and (2) in Pakistan.