Ch. 14: Age of Exploration and Expansion

Crusades : 1291: last Crusader state falls (Acre) Desire of Europe to seek out new lands Hatred between Muslim and Christian

Marco Polo 1271 Traveled to China Served the courts for years, wrote about his adventures Treasures brought back

Trade for Asian goods Trade with Muslims Overpriced on goods Desire to go to source of goods

Reasons for European Expansion Trade (money) Glory Religious Zeal

Reasons Europeans were able to: Better Ships Better navigation Better military

Portuguese (1419) Prince Henry- established school for navigators

Timeline of Portuguese Exploration Desire to trade with Asia, go East 1444: Portuguese ships reach Senegal River 1488: Bartholomeu Diaz- Rounded Cape of Good Hope 1498: Vasco de Gama- reached India 1509: Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque- set up port facilities at Goa

Portuguese Although were very successful, lacked the resources, population and desire to make any real trade

Spanish Christopher Columbus (1492) Trade with China Africa trade route taken by Portuguese Sail west to Asia

Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513) Travelled across Isthmus of Panama First European to encounter Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan (1519) sailed around the world 1/5 of ships survived Died in Philippines Still profitable

1494: Treaty of Tordesillas Line of Demarcation

Hernan Cortez (1519) connected with Aztecs 550 soldiers, 16 cavalry With allies, – Tlaxcalans

Francisco Pizarro (1530) Conquered Incas Very much same method as Cortez Marched on Cuzco

Why the Spanish Won Use of military alliances Military tactics – Native vs. European Military technology – Steel – Gunpowder – Cavalry Disease (smallpox)

Spanish and the New World Encomienda system: each Spaniard was given land and a group of natives to work the land Had to protect the natives, pay them, and take care of “spiritual needs”

Bartolome de las Casas Advocated for treatment of native peoples Pushed for importation of African slaves 1518: first boatload of African slaves

Dutch (1500s to 1602) Began occupying Portuguese ports in India Slave Trade Settlement in Cape of Good Hope Southeast Asia

India 1498: divided into Muslim and Hindu states 1650: British settlement: Surat Fort William (modern day Calcutta) (1696) Sir Robert Clive – Chief representative of British East India Trading Co.

North America

1607: Virginia established 1750: 13 colonies established

New Amsterdam Dutch: send Henry Hudson Explores Hudson river 1614: founded New Amsterdam 1664: British seize it, rename it New York

French 1534: Jacques Cartier: claim St. Lawrence River and Canada for France 1608: Samuel de Champlain: founds Quebec 1663: Canada made Crown province – Small population, mostly men

Consequences of Expansion Flourishing Trade – “Price Revolution” – Expanding Economy – Hard on peasants Beginnings of Capitalism – Slow move away from Agrarian economy – 80% of Europe farmers

Mercantilism Idea that there must be more exports than imports for a nation to be prosperous Also must have as much gold as possible