1. Works Cited List (bibliography) – a list of resources at the end of your work. Also called a reference page. 2. In-text citations – when you mention where you got specific information within the project itself.

 Quoting is using someone else’s exact words  You do this by putting quotation marks around their words, and by weaving the quote into your text.  At the end of the quote, you put the author’s last name, a space, and the page number of the document. (Name 45)  It’s important to note that within the quotation marks, you must leave everything exactly as the author wrote it – mistakes and all!  Except…if you want to leave a part out, or if you want the grammar to fit into your sentence. BUT, your changes cannot in any way change the meaning of the quote!

“Current air pollution problems in Bangkok are mostly the result of heavy traffic congestion and rapid raise in number of motor vehicles. The problems have also been aggravated by the lack of sufficient and effective maintenance service for the vehicles. It has been estimated that number of motor vehicles in Bangkok accounts for roughly one-third of the total number of the vehicles in the country.” Thavisin, Nathanon, Management of Air Quality in Bangkok Metropolitan. Clean Air Regional Workshop

You can introduce the quotation with the name of the author, or you can show the author’s name in a note at the end. In either case, you should include the page reference of the quote. This shows the name at the start of the quotation: I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to deal with on a daily basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the dust particles in the air. According to Nathanon Thavisin, “air pollution problems in Bangkok are mostly the result of heavy traffic congestion and rapid raise in number of motor vehicles” (1). He goes on to say that the problem has been made worse by “the lack of sufficient and effective maintenance service for the vehicles” (1). This releases a large number of dust particles into the air, which can make it hard for people like me to breathe.

Here is the same piece, with the name noted at the end of the quotation. I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to deal with on a daily basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the dust particles in the air. “Air pollution problems in Bangkok are mostly the result of heavy traffic congestion and rapid raise in number of motor vehicles” (Thavisin 1). The problem has been made worse by “the lack of sufficient and effective maintenance service for the vehicles” (Thavisin 1). This releases a large number of dust particles into the air, which can make it hard for people like me to breathe.

If you add words to the text, you should put square brackets [parentheses] around then to show they are not part of the original work. If you leave words out of a text, you must show this by using an ellipsis (…): I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to deal with on a daily basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the dust particles in the air. The problems with air pollution in Bangkok are “mostly the result of heavy traffic congestion and rapid raise in number of motor vehicles… [as well as] the lack of sufficient and effective maintenance service for the vehicles” (Thavisin 1). This releases a large number of dust particles into the air, which can make it hard for people like me to breathe. **What you add to the text must have been implied in the original text! It cannot in any way change the meaning of the original work.

Now see how it is done when your quotation is longer. There are no quotation marks around the indented paragraph; the fact that it is indented shows that it is a quotation. After the final punctuation mark, leave a space, then add the citation. I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to deal with on a daily basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the dust particles in the air. In a paper for the Clean Air Regional Workshop in 2001, the then Deputy Bangkok Governor had the following to say about pollution in Bangkok: Current air pollution problems in Bangkok are mostly the result of heavy traffic congestion and rapid raise in number of motor vehicles. The problems have also been aggravated by the lack of sufficient and effective maintenance service for the vehicles. It has been estimated that number of motor vehicles in Bangkok accounts for roughly one-third of the total number of the vehicles in the country. (Thavisin 1) This made me think that if I could look at ways in which other cities deal with the number of badly maintained cars on the road, I could propose a solution for Bangkok.

 To paraphrase is to write something in your own words, usually to make it easier to understand. They aren’t your ideas, even if they’re put in your own words, so you have to say where you got the ideas.  This includes stating the main points made by the author which support your statements.  What is key to paraphrasing though, and what helps you to make sure you’re not plagiarising, is to add your own opinions to the work, explain the points in relation to your own opinions, and to compare and contrast the view of several authors. This will show that you have a deeper understanding of the topic and that you can do more than just copy and memorise other people’s ideas.  It’s important to note that even if you are not directly quoting, if you are paraphrasing another author’s ideas, you should let the reader know this by using an in-text citation, (Author, page), after the paraphrased section.

Here, then would be a paraphrase of Thavisin’s text, including my own thoughts: I chose to focus on air pollution because it’s something I have to deal with on a daily basis. I have asthma, and it is aggravated by the dust particles in the air. According to Nathanon Thavisin, who wrote a report for the Clean Air Regional Workshop in 2001, most of the air pollution in Bangkok is cause by heavy traffic and an increase in the number of cars on the roads. It is made worse, he says, by the fact that many cars in Bangkok are not maintained properly (1). This releases a large number of dust particles into the air, which can make it hard for people like me to breathe.

Two or three authors: (Rabkin, Greenberg, and Olander 165) More than three authors: (Lauter et al. 135) More than one author with the same name: (A. Patterson 345) Title only, no author: (Management 2)

No Problem! Here are some examples: Fukuyama’s Our Posthuman Future includes many examples of this trend. Gilbert and Gubar broke new ground on the subject. Margaret Atwood’s remarks drew an enthusiastic response. William J. Mitchell’s City of Bits discusses architecture and urban life in the context of the digital telecommunications revolution. All of these are included in the Works Cited list and can be found using the author’s last name (or the title if there is no author)

Choose verbs carefully:  “Graham affirms…” (demonstrates, proves, etc) i.e. I agree!  “Graham thinks…” (claims, puts forward etc.) i.e. I disagree!  “Graham says…” or (states, etc.) i.e. I’m neutral Other verbs to choose from: arguedemonstrateexplainindicate propose suggest claim describe find note report conclude discuss hypothesize observe show define examine identify point out state