L3 THE LINGUISTIC COMPONENTS OF CA

LINGUISTICS Framework Levels Categories Models Contrastive Analysis: Microlinguistics & Macrolinguistics Goal- belong psychplogy Means From linguistics science Framework Levels Categories Models

Contrastive Analysis L 3-1

Contrastive Analysis GOAL MEANS Explanation of L2 learning Therefore it Belong to: Description of the language Psycholinguistics Linguistic science

Forms of linguistics: 2. Macro-linguistics 1. Micro-linguistics(Approaches) also (CA) 2. Macro-linguistics What the interest of 20th linguistics: It pays much attention to contexualization of msg and interpretation. Grown concern to macro- Linguistics That mean growing interest in semantics, sociololinguisic, discourse analysis

Semantics: the study of meaning, changes in meaning and the principles that govern the relation ship between sentences or words and their meanings. Sociolinguistics: a descriptive study of the effects of any and all aspects of society on the way language is used and the effects of language used on society. Ethnomethodologyعلم الاجتماع : It refers to the analysis and interpretation of every spoken interaction. Macrolinguistics

MICROLINGUISTICS: It is a branch of linguistics that concerns itself with the study of language systems in the abstract, without regard to the meaning of expressions. The language is reduced to the abstract elements of syntax and phonology. Thus the language is analyzed for their own sake and without reference to their social function. MACROLINGUISTICS: It is a field of study concerned with the language in its broadest sense and including cultural and behavioural features associated with language. It embraces different aspects of language.

Discourse Analysis: It is concerned with how we build up “meaning” in the larger communicative rather than grammatical units, meaning in a text, paragraph, conversation, etc rather than a single sentence. Speech-act Theory: an approach to the meaning of language which stresses the use made of language, rather than the literal meaning of the combined words. Emphasis what we do with language rather than what we say. Macrolinguistics

CA adopts Linguistic tacticوسيلة is to divide a L- to 3smaller units)FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology Unit Structure Grammar Transformational Generative Class Lexis Contrastive Generative System Case

LEVELS OF LANGUAGE Level of phonology :sound system of a L Level of lexis (stock)مفردات Level of morphology (word formation Level of syntax:arranging of words in a L Procedural Orientation: Morphology Syntax Phonology Nowadays mixing is allowed it is sometimes necessary to account for some fact of language. Examples P: 30 Mixing Levels:

TWO STEPS The stage of description The stage of juxtapositionتراص for comparison e.g: I have finished dragging them out in all directions at one time

FRAMEWORK of any Lanague Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomicتصنيف Phonology Unit Structure Grammar Transformational Generative Class Lexis Contrastive Generative System Case

Home work: Fill this: Categories of Grammar

There are four categoriesانواع : unit, structure, class and system. CATEGORIES OF GRAMMAR Linguistic descriptions are in terms of these categories. There are four categoriesانواع : unit, structure, class and system. They are universal , that is they are necessary and sufficient as a basis for the description of any language.

Sentence { Clause – Phrase – Word – Morpheme Category: 1- UNIT The Units of grammar are: Sentence { Clause – Phrase – Word – Morpheme S Cl Phr Wd Morph. Rank Scale

In CA usually single sentences are juxtaposedمصفوفه , UNIT In CA usually single sentences are juxtaposedمصفوفه , But the shortcoming is that sometime one word in L1 is equivalent to a sentence in L2. CA is concerned with the possibilities of maintaining 1:1 correspondence of units at ranks below sentence. Example: The pupil (who has fallen asleep) is Peter. (E) Der eingeschlafene Schuler ist Peter. (G) Two clauses in English while one in German Interlingual Rank Shift

FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology Unit from largest to smallest Grammar Structure Transformational Generative Class Lexis Contrastive Generative System( Case

Category: 2- STRUCTURE “A structure is an arrangement of elements ordered in “places” (Halliday) Four syntactic structures in a sentence: subject, predicate, complement, adjunct Four syntactic structures in a sentence: subject, predicate, complement, adjunct Example: Tom (S) took (P) the keys(C) from the table (A)

Structure A Structure in the level of phonology: cccvc: strict contrast in word structure: apple: apples Apfel: Äpfel Structure

STRUCTURE CA have traditionally focused on the category structure: linear arrangement of clauses, phrases and words Examples: 1)- My father, who plays chess, is very patient. Mein Vater, der Schach spielt, ist sehr geduldig. Clause 3)- Past participle: gespielt / played Nouns plurals: Apfel-Apfel: / Apple-Apples Word

FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology Unit Structure Grammar Transformational Generative Class Lexis Contrastive Generative System Case

Category: 3- CLASS London is foggy There are restrictions on which units can operate at given places in structures. Example: V Londone tumano (R) : * In London is foggy (E) London is foggy …eine unter meinem Wagen schelafende Katze… : * a sleeping under my car cat… …A cat sleeping under my car…

a certain group of words which can be used in the same place in sentence. like the class of verbs, or nouns They have no …… . They can …… . class

FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology Unit Structure Grammar Transformational Generative Class Lexis Contrastive Generative System Case

Category: 3- SYSTEM Each language allows its speaker choices from sets of elements which are not determined by the place which the element occupies in the structure. CHOICE: “The selection of one particular term at one particular place on the chain in preference to another term or other terms which are also possible at that place” (paradigmatic) Systems operate over the domains of units: systems of sentences, of clauses, of groups, of words and of morphemes. Example: systems at clause rank: “mood” Indicativeدلالي Imperativeامر Declarative Interrogative

Language may differ, not in demanding different structural exponents, but in offering different ranges of options. System number System of case Singular, Plural, Dual (A) Singular vs. Plural (E) Nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, prepositional and dative (R) Common and Genitive (E)

FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology Unit Structure Grammar Transformational Generative Class Lexis Contrastive Generative System Case

Finish Part 1 ------------------- Part 2 not in the mid exam

Lecture 3-2