Neuromuscular & musculoskeletal systems Pages

KEY KNOWLEDGEKEY SKILLS  The way the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems work together to bring about movements including major bones, muscles, joints and joint action  The various characteristics of the different muscle types – fibre and arrangement  Isotonic, isokinetic and isometric muscle contractions  The agonist and antagonist relationship as related to reciprocal inhibition and the associated use of stabilisers  The nervous control of muscles including recruitment of motor units, fibres and types of contraction  Correct use of anatomical terms related to major bones, muscles, common joints and their actions that bring about movements.  Participate in and analyse a broad range of movements used in sporting activities and be able to identify key bones, muscles and joint movements associated with those movements.  Explain and discuss how reciprocal inhibition works  Identify the different types of muscle fibres and contractions responsible for a wide range of physical activities performed at varied intensities

Functions of the skeletal system Protection of internal organs Support, posture Attachment site for muscles (allows movement) Storage of fuels, fats and minerals Blood cell production

Musculoskeletal System Consists of: skeletal system skeletal muscle ligaments (connect bones to bones) tendons (connect muscles to bones) cartilage (shock absorbing gel between joints)

Anatomical Terms Page 3 & 4

Who has more bones? Males? OR Females? Males and females both have 206 bones

The Axial and Appendicular parts of the Skeleton

Vertebral Column (spine) Before birth the spine consists of 33 separate bones called vertebrae. Nine of these eventually fuse (join). Running down the centre of the spine is the spinal cord. In between each separate vertebrae is a soft, spongy tissue called an intervertebral disc. These cushion the vertebrae, absorb shocks, and allow flexibility.

The Structure of the Ribs & Vertebral Column

Vertebrae Cervical x 7 Neck and supports skull. Thoracic x 12 Connect rib cage to spine and protect internal organs. Lumbar x 5 Support weight of upper body. Attachment site for muscles. Sacrum x 5 Part of the pelvis. Supports weight of upper body. Coccyx x 4 Attachment site for muscles.

Joints

Fixed or fibrous joint

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints

6 Types of Synovial Joints

The 6 Types of Synovial Joints – structure, movements and examples

Pivot joint

Gliding joint

Ball and socket joint

Hinge joint

Saddle joint

Condyloid joint

Types of Movements (pages 8 – 10) Flexion & Extension Flexion = when the angle between two body parts is decreased. Muscles reponsible for flexion are called Extension = when the angle between two body parts is increased. Muscles reponsible for extension are called......

Abduction & Adduction

Abduction = movement of the body away from an imaginary midline of the body. Adduction =...

Rotation & Circumduction Rotation = when a bone rotates towards the midline (medial) or away from the midline (lateral) of the body. Circumduction = circular movement of a limb or body part. Only possible at ball and socket joints.

Pronation & Supination Pronation = when the forearm is rotated while the palm of the hand is facing downwards. Supination = when the forearm is rotated, turning from palm down to palm up.

Plantar Flexion & Dorsiflexion Dorsiflexion = occurs at the ankle when the toes are pointing towards the tibia. Plantar flexion = occurs at the ankle when the toes are pointed downwards and the heel is raised.

Inversion & Eversion Inversion = when the sole of the foot is turned in towards the midline. Eversion = when the sole of the foot is turned outwards (away from the midline.

Thinking Things Through Page 10 Questions 3, 4 & 5