BELLRINGER 9/14/15  Match the left column to the correct description to the right: Abiotic factorsLiving parts of the environment Biotic factorsGroup of organisms of the same species OrganismNonliving parts of the environment Population Living thing

BELLRINGER 9/18/15 Define the terms and answer the question below:  Immigration  Emigration  Why do animals immigrate or emigrate?

Ecology Introduction Part 1

Ecology: the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and their environment Environment: the abiotic and biotic factors that act upon organisms

Abiotic the nonliving parts of the environment including water, rocks, light, nutrients, soil, and temperature Climate – the average weather conditions for an environment (yearly/ monthly) Weather – the daily environmental conditions (daily)

Biotic the living parts of the environment including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Levels of Ecology Organism a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently

Levels of Ecology Population A group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area Species – a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate a produce fertile offspring

Levels of Ecology Community all of the populations of species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other

Levels of Ecology Ecosystem a community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Levels of Ecology Biome a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities Climate patterns – the sunlight, wind, and water availability all help to define a biome

Biomes – large regions characterized by specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities

Levels of Ecology Biosphere the part of the earth where life exists

BELLRINGER 9/17/15 *Answer the questions below  How can food and water limit population growth and survival?  What are some other limiting factors you can think of? (at least 2)

Population Ecology How individuals of the same species interact with other

Population  Same species, at the same time, in the same place, and reproducing

Density  Number of organisms in a given area

Dispersion – pattern or organisms within an area  Uniform – favorable environment or territorial species  Random – no apparent reason or pattern  Clumped – need for resources

Demography  Growth – by birth or immigration  Decline – by death or emigration  Related to LIMITING FACTORS

Limiting factors  Resources – food, water, space, mates, jobs, etc.  Health conditions – crowding and diseaseCOMPETITION  Predation  Prey = organism killed and eaten by another organism  Predator = organism that eats all or part of another organism after killing it  CARRYING CAPACITY – largest population that an environment can support at any given time

BELLRINGER 9/21/15 * Answer the questions below  What are factors that living things can COMPETE for?  Give one real life example of two living organisms that COOPERATE to survive (mutualism).

Community Ecology How do populations interact with each other?

COMPETITION (-,-)  It happens because resources are in limited supply  One species per niche  NICHE = the place of function of a given organism within its environment

PREDATION (+,-)  Normal – predator kills and eats its prey  Parasitism – a parasite harms another organism ADAPTATIONS  For predators: claws, teeth, poisons, speed, and musculature  For possible preys: long legs, speed, flight, horns, colorations, and sense of smell

EXAMPLES OF ADAPTATIONS  Camouflage – blending  Warning coloration – bright colors  Defensive chemicals – skunk spray  Mimicry – animal “pretends” to be harmful

MUTUALISM (+,+)  Relationship that promotes coevolution – positive effect for each organism  Organisms COOPERATE

COMMENSALISM (+,0)  ONE organism benefits, the other is UNAFFECTED

BELLRINGER 9/22/15 * Use your electronic device  Give an example of a predator that has developed adaptation behavior or “tool” to catch its prey (describe it)

Toothpick Birds Instructions  Each round is 30-seconds (total of 6 rounds)  Use your “beak” of one hand only to feed (forefinger + thumb)  Place your “insect” (toothpick) in your “crop” (cup) after each feeding  Stop feeding when time is called  You must eat at least 4 insects per round – if less, YOU DIE  YELLOW insects are poisonous – if you eat it, YOU DIE

BELLRINGER 9/23/15  Which do you think is most efficient for protection from predators: camouflage or mimicry? Why?

Energy Flow & Trophic Levels

Trophic Structure * Energy flows but matter is cycled

Food ChainFood Web

Ecological Succession  Primary succession – starting from scratch  Need pioneer species  Pioneer -> grasses/bushes -> trees  Climax community  Secondary succession – soil already exists  No need for pioneer species

Ecosystem Trophic Levels  Producers or Autotrophs (self-eater/feeder)  Sunlight + inorganic matter -> organic energy (food)  Start ALL food chains  Consumers or Heterotrophs (other eater/feeder)  Different levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, etc)  Must eat other organisms to obtain energy  Decomposers or Detritovores (feed on dead, organic matter – detritus)  Take detritus and covert it back to inorganic matter

Examples  Producers  Consumers  Decomposers

BELLRINGER 9/24/15 Match left column with correct description.  ProducersEat other organisms to survive  ConsumersModel showing possible feeding relationships  DecomposersStart ALL food chains; produce their own food  Food webFeed on detritus; nature’s recycling system

BELLRINGER 9/25/15 Put the organisms in order of a food chain  Mouse  Peanut plant  Eagle  Snake

EXTRA MATERIAL * Not used in class

Biome diagram

Aquatic Biomes

Coastal & Ocean terms

Coral Reefs of the World(purple areas) Rainforests of the oceans

Fresh water terms

Stream Headwaters

Midstream

Estuary

Wetlands - Swamp

Wetlands - Marsh