Charles Darwin ( ) Origin of Species (1859) Nietzsche ( ) Marxism (mid to late 19 century) Sigmund Freud ( ) The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) Albert Einstein ( ) Special Theory of Relativity (1905) World War I ( ) Prohibition ( ) The Great Depression ( ) Post Industrial Revolution Igor Stravinsky and Vaslav Nijinksy Rite of Spring (1913) [what they are used to] Igor Stravinsky and Vaslav Nijinksy Rite of Spring (1913) [what they are used to] Pablo Picasso ( ) Frank Lloyd Wright ( )

Le Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907)

GUERNICA (1937)

FALLING WATER

GEORGIA O’KEEFFE’S QUEST FOR THE “GREAT AMERICAN THING” PINEAPPLE BUD 1939

ROSE IS A ROSE IS A ROSE "Sacred Emily" (1913)

GERTRUDE STEIN ( ) Tender Buttons ( —stop after “A Red Stamp”) William James / Cubism / Linguistic Relativity

“Well—I made you take time to look at what I saw and when you took time to really notice my flowers you hung all your own associations with flowers on my flower and you write about my flower as if I think and see what you think and see of the flower—and I don’t.”

Do we suppose that all she knows is that a rose is arose is a rose is a rose. (Operas and Plays) A rose tree may be a rose tree may be a rosy rose tree if watered. (Alphabets and Birthdays) When I said. A rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. And then later made that into a ring I made poetry and what did I do I caressed completely caressed and addressed a noun. ("Poetry and Grammar," Lectures in America) Civilization begins with a rose. A rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. It continues with blooming and it fastens clearly upon excellent examples. (As Fine as Melanctha) Lifting belly can please me because it is an occupation I enjoy. Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. In print on top. (Bee Time Vine) Now listen! I'm no fool. I know that in daily life we don't go around saying is a is a is a. Yes, I'm no fool; but I think that in that line the rose is red for the first time in English poetry for a hundred years. (Four in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947).

APRIL 19, 1912 Dear Madam, I am only one, only one, only one. Only one being, one at the same time. Not two, not three, only one. Only one life to live, only sixty minutes in one hour. Only one pair of eyes. Only one brain. Only one being. Being only one, having only one pair of eyes, having only one time, having only one life, I cannot read your M.S. three or four times. Not even one time. Only one look, only one look is enough. Hardly one copy would sell here. Hardly one. Hardly one. Many thanks. I am returning the M.S. by registered post. Only one M.S. by one post.

EXPERIMENTATION: content & form FRAGMENTATION: P.O.V., images, chronology, experience DISLOCATION: geographical, cultural, spiritual RECONFIGURATION: new meanings out of chaos, truth in relative world

The Lost Generation Imagist Movement Harlem Renaissance

“A PACT” (318) BY EZRA POUND I make a pact with you, Walt Whitman— I have detested you long enough. I come to you as a grown child Who has had a pig-headed father; I am old enough now to make friends. It was you that broke the new wood, Now is a time for carving. We have one sap and one root— Let there be commerce between us.

EZRA POUND ( ): “Make it New” “Literature is news that stays news.” “It is better to present one image in a lifetime than to produce voluminous works.” “Good writers are those who keep the language efficient. That is to say, keep it accurate, keep it clear.” “An image is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.”

From an Imagist Manifesto (1912): 1.Use the language of common speech, but to employ the exact word, not the nearly-exact, nor the merely decorative word. 2.Individuality of a poet may often be better expressed in free verse than in conventional forms. In poetry, a new cadence means a new idea. 3.Absolute freedom in the choice of subjec t.

IMAGIST MANIFESTO CONT. 4. To present an image. We are not a school of painters, but we believe that poetry should render particulars exactly and not deal in vague generalities…it is for this reason that we oppose the cosmic poet, who seems to us to shirk the real difficulties of his art. 5. To produce a poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred nor indefinite. 6. Finally, most of us believe that concentration is of the very essence of poetry.

IN A STATION OF THE METRO The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.

THE RED WHEEL BARROW so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens

WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS ( ) “No ideas but in things” “It is difficult to get the news from poems, yet men die miserably every day for lackof what is found there.” “Prose may carry a load of ill-defined matter like a ship. But poetry is the machine which drives it, pruned to perfect economy.”

AMY LOWELL “ To create new rhythms— as the expression of new moods—and not to copy old rhythms which merely echo old moods…cadence means a new idea.”