Ottoman & Mogul Empires World History Mr. Ragland

Origins Turks gain power in NW Anatolian peninsula under leader Osman Expand west into the Balkans and east into the rest of the peninsula During late 14 th – early 15 th centuries Defeat Serbs in 1389, defeat Bulgarians in 1390’s Then set sights on remnants of the Byzantine Empire Used new gunpowder innovations “Gunpowder Empire” Janissaries Highly trained, elite infantry soldiers Usually captured/slaves who converted to Islam and received highly disciplined military training at a young age

Question? Why would gunpowder technology be an important tool in expanding an empire? Why would you want to conquer the Byzantine Empire? What are the benefits?

The “Golden Horn”

Expansion Mehmed II Conquered Byzantines (1453) Strategic location on Bosporous and Dardanelles Constantinople becomes new capital (Istanbul) Selim I Spreads south into Mesopotamia, Egypt and Arabia Gains control of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem (1517) Süleyman I “The Magnificent” Leads Ottoman expansion into Europe/N. Africa Conquered Balkan States and Hungary Was unable to conquer Austria, later Ottoman forces would be pushed out of Hungary and C. Europe

Ottoman Expansion

Questions? What was the significance of Selim I conquering Arabia and controlling the cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem? What was the significance of Süleyman I conquering the lands of N. Africa?

Ottoman Leaders Osman “Othman” Selim I “The Grim”

Ottoman Leaders Mehmed II “The Conqueror” Süleyman “The Magnificent”

Ottoman Society Social Structure Royalty Clergy & Wealthy Merchants Artisans Peasants Pastoral Nomads Role of Women Enjoyed many rights – Turkish tolerance Could own/inherit property, hold government positions No forced/arranged marriages, could seek divorce Organized/regulated by craft guilds

Questions? Why would merchants hold the highest non- royalty/clergy social class in Ottoman society? How did the rights of women in Ottoman society differ from those of women in other Muslim empires/kingdoms?

Ottoman Government and Religion Sunni Muslims – conflict w/ Shia Safavids Practiced religious tolerance Non-Muslims could worship freely, but paid a tax Ruled by Sultan (Caliph) Highly bureaucratic system of rule Grand Vizier served as “prime minister” Held “real power” in the government Ulema – religious advisers Administered legal system and schools for Muslim education Pashas served as “governors” of provinces Collected taxes, maintained order, reported to Sultan’s court

Ottoman Architecture Typical Muslim architecture but: Had some Baroque influences Many mosques modeled after exiting Byzantine Architecture Sinan – most distinguished Ottoman architect Builds 81 mosques in his lifetime Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul

Mosques Süleymaniye Mosque Blue Mosque

Questions? What Byzantine Architectural masterpiece do these mosques most resemble? What traditional characteristics of Muslim architecture do these mosques exhibit?

Ottoman Empire in Decline Empire reaches height under Süleyman Begins to crumble after his death Problems begin when determining his successor Sultans become less involved in government Grand Vizier essentially becomes leader Regional leaders gain more power Wealthy/elite families look to further their own interests Government positions are increasingly given to family members Corruption and taxes increase Constant border wars financially weaken the Empire Ottomans begin to adopt Western ideas, customs and dress

Mogul (Mughal) Empire

Origins of Moguls Not natives of India Came from N. of Indus River Modern day Pakistan/Afghanistan Established a Muslim empire which lasted from early 16 th century to mid-18 th century Unified the several Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of India into a single dynasty Known for their religious tolerance

Mogul Expansion Bābur (1504 – 1530) – Original leader Descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur Lenk Both great Mongol leaders Conquers Kabul in 1504 and Delhi in 1526 Defeats former Delhi Sultans and controls a large portion of the Indus and Ganges River Valleys Akbar (1556 – 1605) – Grandson of Bābur Known for his humane and tolerant rule Frequently held theological debates at his court Brought peace and prosperity to Mogul Empire At the time of his death, Moguls controlled almost all of N. India north of the Deccan Plateau

Questions? If you were a ruler, would you allow free religious practice in your kingdom? Why or why not? What would be the benefits?

Mogul Leaders BāburAkbar

Mogul Expansion

Decline of Moguls Shah Jahan (1628 – 1528) Persian-born ruler Kept most Mogul government institutions Successful expansion south of Deccan Plateau Ignored growing domestic problems Military campaigns and building projects emptied Treasury Built Taj Mahal, a blend of Persian and Hindu Architecture Aurangzeb (1658 – 1707) – Controversial figure Empire grows to greatest physical size Religious intolerance Taxed non-Muslims Forced Hindus to convert to Islam Rebellions from Hindus and other non-Muslims ensue

Mogul Leaders Shah Jahan Aurangzeb

Mogul Society Government appeared to be highly centralized But, was made of several independent kingdoms Highly bureaucratic system Many Hindus and other non-Muslims served as govt. officials Local officials known as Zamindars Collected taxes, became relatively powerful local rulers Typical social structure Emergence of a prosperous merchant class Peasants paid 1/3 of crops as taxes Treatment of Women Women of elite families owned land and earned salaries Women still had restrictions under Islamic law (isolation)

Questions? Why would a merchant class become prosperous in India? Powerful local leaders and peasants paying taxes with crops. What other system of social and political organization does this sound like?