The United States Emerges as a World Power Topic 3.7

Early 1900’s China To European Countries and Japan, China=raw materials and land to colonize. To the United States, China=Customers!

China After several years of wars with European powers, Japan, and a rebellion against their own dynastic rulers, China had fallen into “spheres of influence.” Japan and the European nations now controlled most of China’s seaports and major areas where raw materials were located. By the late 1800s China’s huge population and vast markets became important to American trade Not only the United States!!! Russia Germany Britain France Japan

China Spheres of Influence-areas of economic and political control –Own laws on trade regulations –Basically colonies –Countries agreed not to trade outside their sphere so they could all make money without conflict

John Hay President McKinley’s Secretary of State Wrote a series of notes to foreign diplomats in 1899 Open Door Policy (gives U.S. access to China’s millions of consumers) They neither accept it or reject it outright Open Door Policy

In response the growing influence of outsiders in their country Secret societies Righteous and Harmonious Fists nickname “Boxers” Celebrated traditional Chinese customs and criticized Western ways Rebellion against “foreign devils” Multinational force of European, American, and Japanese troops sent to end the rebellion Boxer Rebellion

John Hay feared Boxer rebellion would cause powers to seize more Chinese territory Issued 2 nd Open Door note Argued for equal privileges among countries trading with China America did not want colonies in China United States wanted free trade China should remain one country and not be broken up Open Door Again

After the Boxer Rebellion is crushed, the US more or less tells the other nations “this is how it’s going to be.” China remains a divided country, dominated by the major world powers and will remain so until WWII

Japan wanted to expand its influence in China 1904 Japan launched a surprise attack against Russian troops in China 1905 representatives from Japan and Russia met Talks stalled TR now president intervened and convinced the two sides to sign a peace treaty TR won the Nobel Peace Prize Getting this award showed America’s growing role in world affairs Russo-Japanese War

For his work in ending the war with Russia and Japan, TR becomes the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

McKinley was assassinated….Roosevelt became President Roosevelt was such a fan of military intimidation that he described his foreign policy by quoting an old African saying “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Very aggressive foreign policy The big stick was the U.S Navy Theodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt Corollary Extension to the Monroe Doctrine The U.S. wanted only “to see neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous” The U.S. would intervene whenever U.S. interests were threatened, and would use its “international police power”. -Published after the announcement of the Roosevelt Corollary -Depicts Roosevelt as the worlds police officer using his big stick to maintain order and stability

Vastly increased U.S. involvement in Latin America, with Roosevelt intervening on many occasions U.S. intervention in Latin America became common and angered many Latin Americans Congress was also unhappy-Roosevelt’s policies seemed to strengthen the president’s power while weakening theirs

Need a Shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans A canal built across Central America would link the two oceans Making global shipping much faster and cheaper Allow U.S. Navy to move quickly in time of war The Problem. Duh.

Isthmus of Panama was an ideal location Isthmus-a narrow strip of land with sea on either side, forming a link between two larger areas of land Panama was a territory of Colombia A French company was going to build a canal Isthmus of Panama

Mismanagement- the company abandoned the project 10 years later Offered the remaining rights to the U.S United States bought the Panama route for $40 million United States needed the consent of the Colombian government Colombia demanded more money! Roosevelt was NOT HAPPY!

TR made it clear the U.S. would not interfere in a Panamanian revolution 1903-TR sent U.S. warships to the water off Panama to support a rebellion against Colombia The appearance of the United States Navy convinced Colombians not to suppress the uprising

-U.S. immediately recognized the new Panamanian government and becomes its protector -U.S. agreed to pay $10 million -The canal cuts travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific drastically!

More than 35,000 helped dig the Panama Canal More than 5,000 workers died Opened in 1914

Roosevelt angered Congress by encouraging the Panamanian revolt Guess how much this bothered Teddy…

not very much…

However, Teddy’s actions greatly increased ill will towards the U.S.

The Gentlemen’s Agreement Fall of 1906 San Francisco School Board banned Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children from attending public schools with white children Japan is not happy!! TR wanted to calm tensions School board pledged to end segregation policy In return Japan agreed to limit the Immigration of its citizens to the United States

President William Taft My mom called me her “pudgy- wudgy boy” because I was overweight.

President William Taft I also got stuck in the bathtub several times while President.

President Taft Lawyer from OhioLawyer from Ohio Served as Sec. of War under TRServed as Sec. of War under TR Elected to President in 1908Elected to President in 1908 Not as aggressive as RooseveltNot as aggressive as Roosevelt

Taft’s Goals Spheres of Influence

Taft’s Way Dollar Diplomacy- “ Substituting dollars for bullets”Dollar Diplomacy- “ Substituting dollars for bullets” –President Taft’s policy of encouraging American investment in foreign economies –Increase American investments in businesses and banks throughout Central America and the Caribbean –Americans invested in plantations, mines, oil wells, railways, and other ventures

Taft’s Way Dollar Diplomacy-“Substituting dollars for bullets”Dollar Diplomacy-“Substituting dollars for bullets” –Urged American industry to invest –Not very successful –Increases ill will towards the U.S. when we support unpopular regimes

Banana Republic Some business leaders went a step further and invested directly in the economies of other countries Term used to describe a central American nation dominated by United States business interests

In Action Wanted to rely less on the “big stick” and more on “dollar diplomacy” Dollar diplomacy sometimes required force Taft dispatched troops to Nicaragua 1909 and 1912 Protect the formation of a pro- American government there

President Woodrow Wilson

Intended to take U.S. foreign policy in a different directionIntended to take U.S. foreign policy in a different direction United States would never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest but would instead work to promote human rights, national integrity, and opportunityUnited States would never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest but would instead work to promote human rights, national integrity, and opportunity Moral Diplomacy!Moral Diplomacy!

Revolution Grips Mexico Dictator Porfirio Diaz With his encouragement foreign investments in Mexico grew Francisco Madero led Mexican Revolution that toppled Diaz General Victoriano Huerta seized power and executed Madero Under dollar diplomacy Taft likely would have recognized Huerta Wilson would not Victoriano Huerta

Revolution Grips Mexico Wilson favored Venustiano Carranza 1914 used American sailors being arrested to help Carranza attain power Sent marines to occupy the Mexican port of Veracruz Carranza assumed the presidency Rebels again rose up

Francisco “Pancho” Villa Villa’s forces crossed into New Mexico Raided the town of Columbus Leaving 18 Americans dead Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and more than 10,000 troops Forces chased Villa for several months Failed to capture Villa Wilson eventually withdrew American troops in 1917

Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge- Senator called for U.S. expansion (political and economic interest abroad) Agreed with Frederick Jackson Turner

Anti-imperialists believed Rejects the foundations of American ideals and democracy “inferior” races Rejection of the nation’s foundation of liberty for all The Constitution Must Follow The Flag Compete with American workers for jobs