The Rise of Cities HWH UNIT 6 CHAPTER 9.2
Percentage of English population living in cities over 20,000 people 1801: 17% 1851: 35% 1891: 54% London was the largest city in Europe By 1900, 9 cities in Europe had populations over 1 million
Urban Life More likely to die of disease than in countryside More people died each year than were born Immigration from countryside kept population from decreasing By 1900, death rates for cities and rural areas would be equal
Sanitation Problems Sewage Cholera Tuberculosis
Cholera Bacterium Epidemic in London, 1846
Solutions to Urban Problems Louis Pasteur ( ) Pasteurization
Joseph Lister ( ) Sterilization techniques Antiseptic
Solutions to Urban Problems Edwin Chadwick ( ) and his “ sanitary idea ” (1848) Public Health Act of 1848
Urban Planning
Sewage Systems
Paris Under Napoleon III ( ) Napoleon IIIGeorges Haussmann
Changes to Paris Wider boulevards Sewage system Slums destroyed Public parks
Champs Elysees, 19 th Century
Widened Boulevards
Sewers
Paris Opera House
Arc de Triomphe
The Paris Metro, 1900
The London Underground, 1860s
Working Class Improvements Unions become legal in the 1870s More “Factory Acts” Pensions and Disability Insurance Increased Standard of Living