Chapter Fifteen The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790- 1860.

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Chapter Fifteen The Ferment of Reform and Culture,

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 Reviving Religion Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson promoted the doctrines of Deism. Deists relied on science rather than the Bible and they denied the divinity of Christ. Unitarianism spun off of Deism. Unitarians believed that God existed in only one person. The Second Great Awakening came in Women were a large part of it. Charles Grandison Finney- one of the greatest revivalist preachers.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3 Denominational Diversity Many preachers preached in Western New York where the Puritans settled. The Second Great Awakening widened the lines between the classes and regions. Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians continued to rise mostly from the wealthier, better-educated levels of society. The issue of slavery split the churches apart.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 A Desert Zion in Utah Joseph Smith- formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in 1830 After Joseph Smith was killed 1844, Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah to avoid persecution. Free Schools for a Free People Tax-supported public education came about between Horace Mann- campaigned effectively for a better schooling system.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.5 Map 15.1: The Mormon World

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.6 An Age of Reform States gradually abolished debtors' prisons due to public demand. Dorothy Dix- traveled the country, visiting different asylums; released a report on insanity and asylums; her protests resulted in improved conditions for the mentally ill. In 1828, the American Peace Society was formed. It was led by William Ladd.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.7 Demon Rum - The "Old Deluder" The problem of drinking was found in women, clergymen, and members of Congress. The American Temperance Society was formed in Its crusaders persuaded drinkers to stop drinking. The problem of drinking tore down the family structure. Neal S. Dow- thought that alcohol should be removed by legislation; "Father of Prohibition";

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.8 The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Americans were more interested in practical gadgets than in pure science. Medicine in America was still primitive by modern standards. In the early 1840s, several American doctors and dentists successfully used laughing gas and ether as anesthetics. Artistic Achievements Between 1820 and 1850, a Greek revival in architecture came to America. Most of the ideas of art and painting were taken from Europe. "Dixie" was the battle hymn of the Confederates and was written in 1859.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 The Blossoming of a National Literature Most of the reading material in America was imported or taken from British sources. Following the War of Independence and the War of 1812, American literature received a boost from the wave of nationalism. Washington Irving- the first American to win international recognition as a literary figure. James Fenimore Cooper- the first American novelist to gain world fame.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.10 Trumpeters of Transcendentalism The transcendentalist movement of the 1830s resulted from a liberalizing of the Puritan theology. Associated traits included self-reliance, self-culture, and self- discipline. Ralph Waldo Emerson- transcendentalist poet and philosopher; urged American writers to forget European traditions and write about American interests. Henry David Thoreau- transcendentalist who believed that one should reduce his bodily wants so as to gain time for a pursuit of truth through study and meditation. Glowing Literary Lights Not all poets and writers of the time were transcendentalists. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- one of the most famous poets to come from America wrote for the refined class; was adopted by the less-cultured class.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 Literary Individuals and Dissenters Edgar Allan Poe- wrote with a pessimistic tone, not like the literature at the time. Herman Melville- writer of the novel Moby Dick. Portrayers of the Past A distinguished group of American historians was emerging at the same time that other international writers were coming about.