Overview of the KM3NeT project E. Migneco SSC meeting, Amsterdam, march

Scientific Standing Committee  We welcome the newly appointed Scientific Standing Committee of KM3NeT  A. Aloisio (INFN and University of Naples)  S. Bettini (LSC, Canfranc)  D. Cowen (Penn State University)  J. Learned (University of Hawaii)  P. Lipari (INFN, Roma)  D. Nygren (LBL)  A. Olinto (University of Chicago)  J. Pouthas (IPN Orsay)  C. Spiering (DESY)  G. van der Steenhoven (University of Twente) E. Migneco2KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

SSC mandate Tasks of the SSC are: Carry out a critical review of the KM3NeT science case on neutrino astroparticle physics. Carry out a critical review of aspects related to the design, construction, deployment, commissioning and operation of the detector. The SSC can also solicit external advice as they see fit. E. Migneco3KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Program of the SSC meeting  Open Session, Wednesday march 30 (14:00 – 18:00)  Introduction and overview of the project (E. Migneco)  Seafloor network (T. Capone)  Detection unit: optical modules (P. Kooijman)  Detection unit: electronics and data transmission (S. Anvar)  Detection unit: mechanical structure and deployment (R. Papaleo)  Detection unit: integration and cost (E. de Wolf)  Physics case and strategic issues (T. Stolarczyk)  Physics studies, a status report (P. Rapidis)  Closed Session, Thursday march 31 (9:00 – 13:00) E. Migneco4KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Outline of this presentation  Aim: give an overview of KM3NeT and its status  Will be followed by detailed presentations on science and technique  Plan of this talk  A brief history of KM3NeT: from the Design Study to the Preparatory Phase  Future plans  Open problems E. Migneco5KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

A brief history of KM3NeT  Objective: design and build a deep-sea research infrastructure in the Mediterranean Sea hosting a multi-cubic-kilometre neutrino telescope and scientific nodes for long- term, continuous measurements in earth and marine scientific research  Started in february 2006 with the Design Study project co- funded under the 6 th EC Framework Programme  In 2007 the KM3NeT Research Infrastructure was included in the roadmap of the European Strategy Forum of Research Infrastructures (ESFRI)  In 2008 restricted call for the ESFRI projects for a “Preparatory Phase”  Preparatory Phase, co-funded under the 7 th EC Framework Programme, started in march 2008 and will conclude in february 2012 E. Migneco6KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

The KM3NeT Design Study  Co-funded under the 6 th Framework Programme with a EC contribution of 9 M€  Started on february  Concluded on october  Major deliverable of the project is the Technical Design Report E. Migneco7KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT Design Study main objectives  Energy range and main physics goals  Optimization to investigate neutrino “point sources”  optimisation in the energy regime TeV  Diffuse neutrino fluxes  Other items (… but not optimized for):  Dark Matter  Neutrino particle physics  Exotics (Magnetic Monopoles, Lorentz invariance violation, …)  Implementation requirements  Construction time ≤5 years  Operation over at least 10 years without “major maintenance”  Provide a deep-sea cabled platform for Sea and Earth sciences E. Migneco8KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

The KM3NeT sky view >75% >25%  KM3NeT complements the IceCube field of view  KM3NeT observes a large part of the sky (~3.5  ) Sensitivity for up-going neutrinos considered From Mediterranean 24h per day visibility up to about δ = -50° E. Migneco9KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

The KM3NeT Technical Design Report  Technical design Objective: Support 3D-array of photodetectors and connect them to shore (data, power, slow control)  Optical Modules  Front-end electronics & readout  Readout, data acquisition, data transport  Mechanical structures, backbone cable  General deployment strategy  Sea-bed network: cables, junction boxes  Calibration devices  Shore infrastructure  Assembly, transport, logistics  Risk analysis and quality control Design rationale: Cost-effective Reliable Producible Easy to deploy Design rationale: Cost-effective Reliable Producible Easy to deploy Builds on the experience gained with ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR Described in the KM3NeT Technical Design Report E. Migneco10KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Schematic view of KM3NeT Primary Junction box Secondary Junction boxes Detection Units Electro-optical cable E. Migneco11KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Main conclusions of the TDR  Construction is possible with viable technologies  About 300 detection units needed to achieve the required sensitivity  Full KM3NeT has to be built in several independent “building blocks”  Overall investment ~220 M€  Staged implementation possible  Science potential from very early stage of construction on  Operational costs 4-6 M€ per year (2-3% of capital investment), including electricity, maintenance, computing, data centre and management  Still some alternative options were left open E. Migneco12KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

TDR – Optical Module major alternative options Single-PMT Optical Module 8-inch PMT with 35% quantum efficiency inside a 13 inch glass sphere Evolution from pilot projects Multi-PMT Optical Module 31 small PMTs (3-inch) inside a 17 inch glass sphere 31 PMT bases (total ~140 mW) Cooling shield and stem First full prototype ready at the end of 2010 E. Migneco13KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

TDR - Detection Unit alternative options Flexible tower with horizontal bars equipped with single-PMTs or multi-PMT OMs Triangular arrangements of OMs with single-PMTs or multi-PMT Evolution of the ANTARES storey Slender string Vertical sequence of multi-PMTs OMs Simulations indicate that local 3D OM arrangement resolve ambiguities in the reconstruction of the muon azimuthal angle E. Migneco14KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Deployment strategy  Compact package – deployment – self-unfurling  Eases logistics (in particular in case of several assembly lines)  Speeds up and eases deployment;  Self-unfurling concepts need to be thoroughly tested and verified  Connection to seabed network by Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) The packed flexible tower Spherical deployment structure for string with multi-PMT OM Successful deployment test in Feb 2010 Successful deployment test in Dec 2009 E. Migneco15KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Readout and data transfer  All-data-to-shore data transfer with point-to-point connection from DU storey to shore E. Migneco16KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Readout and data transfer Shore Station OF M DO M JB CW + slow control Data Latency calculation E. Migneco17KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Seafloor architecture  Requirements  Power distribution from shore to DUs  Support data network  Slow control and communication  Structure  Hierarchical topology  Primary and Secondary Junction Boxes  Commercial electro-optical data cables and connectors  Intallation with ROV  Layout  Depends on DU design, deployment procedure and optimization of the detector footprint Star-like geometry for 127 DU 1 detector “building block” E. Migneco18KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Sensitivity and discovery potential KM3NeT sensitivity 90%CL KM3NeT discovery 5s 50% IceCube sensitivity 90%CL IceCube discovery 5  50% 2.5÷3.5 above sensitivity flux. (extrapolation from IceCube 40 string configuration) binned method unbinned method | Observed Galactic TeV-g sources (SNR, unidentified, microquazars) F. Aharonian et al. Rep. Prog. Phys. (2008) Abdo et al., MILAGRO, Astrophys. J. 658 L33-L36 (2007)  Galactic Centre Sensitivity and discovery fluxes for point like sources with E -2 spectrum for 1 year of observation time Sensitivity and discovery potential will improve with unbinned analysis E. Migneco19KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

A new candidate source – The Fermi bubbles E. MignecoKM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march  From Meng Su, Tracy R. Slatyer, Douglas P. Finkbeiner Astrophys.J.724: ,2010 Large extension (50° lat. 40° long.) no spatial variation in the  spectrum

Expected discovery potential for the Fermi Bubbles E. MignecoKM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march  “… extended TeV  radiation surrounding the Galactic nucleus on similar size scales to the bubbles up to  E -2 F  (TeV) ~10 -9 TeV cm -1 s -1 sr -1...” M. Crocker and F. Haronian PRL106(2011)11102  “back of the envelope” estimate of flux if  =2 proton spectrum and 1 PeV cut-off assumed For a 154 DU block

From the Design Study to the Preparatory Phase  After the conclusion of the Design Study the process towards technological convergence and definition of a common solution was followed by the Preparatory Phase project  Strong acceleration in the convergence towards a common project  Now a unique design defined in almost all its aspects  Design presented in detail in the following talks E. Migneco22KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

The KM3NeT Preparatory Phase  Co-funded under the 7 th Framework Programme with a EC contribution of 5 M€  Started on march  Will conclude on february  Some overlap at the beginning with the Design Study E. Migneco23KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

What is the KM3NeT Preparatory Phase  The concept of the KM3NeT Preparatory Phase (KM3NeT-PP) project is to establish the legal, organizational and financial framework for the construction of a cubic kilometre size underwater neutrino telescope facility (KM3NeT).  The primary objectives of the KM3NeT-PP project are:  to facilitate the political convergence process in matters of site selection, legal and governance issues and financial arrangements  to choose the appropriate legal form and governance model  to compare the physics performance, technological implications and time-scale issues related to different options for the construction phase  But the need of the collaboration to converge on the technical solutions has put a strong emphasis on the technical aspects, also with the use of extra funds E. Migneco24KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT-PP Work Package structure WPF Production preparation of telescope components WPF Production preparation of telescope components WPH Production preparation of deep-sea components WPH Production preparation of deep-sea components WPI Data and control WPI Data and control Engineering plan WPG Auxiliary surface vessels WPG Auxiliary surface vessels WPL Resource plan for productiuon of telescope components WPL Resource plan for productiuon of telescope components WPM Resource plan for production of deep-sea infrastructure WPM Resource plan for production of deep-sea infrastructure Business plan WPB Political convergence WPB Political convergence Convergence and governance WPE Marine and environmental agencies and networks WPE Marine and environmental agencies and networks WPN User support and impact assessment WPN User support and impact assessment Users and associated science WPC1 Governance WPC1 Governance WPC2 Legal WPC2 Legal WPC3 Financial engineering WPC3 Financial engineering WPD Strategic issues and int. networking WPD Strategic issues and int. networking WPA Management WPA Management E. Migneco25KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT-PP management structures The task of the ASC and SSC is to prepare the ground for the necessary political decisions Administrative Standing Committee KM3NeT-PP management structure Work Packages WPA WPB WPN Scientific Standing Committee E. Migneco26KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

What do we have to deliver  By contract the Preparatory Phase has a certain number of “deliverables” that have to be produced  Reports that describe in detail the chosen option for:  Governance structure  Legal form  Funding scheme  Description of the technical solutions for the infrastructure  Pre-production models of the detection unit and the seafloor infrastructure  Production plans  Comparison of perfomance with different options (site, single vs multi-site, etc …)  Description of the data distribution scheme  Draft of a MoU with EMSO  …  One deliverable is a report from the ASC+SSC E. Migneco27KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT-PP deliverables (1) (*) only for deliverables due in first and second period (up to february 2011) Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.B.1First report from joint standing committeeMar 2010Delivered D.B.2Final report from joint standing commiteeFeb 2012 WPB – Political convergence WPC1 – Governance Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.C2.1Report on the survey and analysis of the legal forms of the project participants Jul 2010Delivered D.C2.2Report of the survey and analysis of the international legal formsFeb 2011Delivered D.C2.3Selection of the optimal legal option for KM3NeTOct 2011 Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.C1.1Report on existing governance structuresJul 2010In preparation D.C1.2Definition of the governance structureOct 2011 WPC2 – Legal E. Migneco28KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT-PP deliverables (2) WPC3 – Financial Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.C3.1Report on the national funding schemesJul 2010Delivered D.C3.2Report of the European funding schemeFeb 2011In preparation D.C3.3Definition of the financial engineering planOct 2011 Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.D.1Report on formal and informal contacts with non-EU partiesJul 2010Delivered D.D.2Report on comparison of physics performance between different options Oct 2011 WPD – Strategic issues and international networking E. Migneco29KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT-PP deliverables (3) Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.F.1Description of a pre-production model of a detection unit, calibration system, data acquisition system Sep 2010Delivered D.F.2System tested pre-production model of a detection unit, calibration system, data acquisition system Dec 2011 D.F.3Description of the production model of the detection unit, calibration system, data acquisition system for mass production in the construction phase including the QA/QC procedures Feb 2012 WPF – Production preparation of telescope components Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.E.1Deefinition of subsea infrastructure locations and specificationsSep 2010 D.E.2Memorandum of Understanding for KM3NeT-MEGOFeb 2011To be negotiated D.E.3Complete input to the Environmental Impact AssessmentOct 2011 WPE – Environmental agencies and networks E. Migneco30KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT-PP deliverables (4) Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus (*) D.H.1Engineering plan for constructionJul 2010In preparation D.H.2Production model of the power converters, electro-optical connectors and electro-optical cables Jun 2011 D.H.3Report on long duration testsOct 2011 WPH – Production preparation of deep-sea components Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.G.1Report on suitable vessel typesSep 2010Delivered D.G.2Report on the surface aspects of deployment operations and scientific employment of surface vessels Sep 2010In preparation D.G.3Report on training program for personnelFeb 2012 WPG – Auxiliary surface vessel E. Migneco31KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT-PP deliverables (5) Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.L.1Definition of production tests and rules for editing the specifications for subcontracting Jun 2011 D.L.2Description of the infrastructure for assembly and integration sites of telescope components Dec 2011 D.L.3Human resource plan for the production plan for the construction phase Dec 2011 WPL – Resource plan for production of telescope components Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus (*) D.I.1Report on the requirements and specifications of the data distribution and computing models Sep 2010In preparation D.I.2Report on solution for KM3NeT data distribution, computing and operation Oct 2011 WPI – Data and control E. Migneco32KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

KM3NeT-PP deliverables (6) Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.M.1Report on market analysisNov 2009Delivered D.M.2Report for financial analysisFeb 2011In preparation D.M.3Human Resource PlanOct 2011 Del.DescriptionDeadlineStatus D.N.1Report on user need and requestsNov 2010In preparation D.N.2Report on operation model and operation rulesAug 2011 D.N.3Report on impact assessment activitiesDec 2011 WPM – Resource plan for production of deep-sea infrastructures WPN – User support and impact assessment E. Migneco33KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

The Pre-Production Model  Following the convergence on the technology for the detection unit the collaboration is presently strongly engaged in the construction of a pre-production model of the detection unit  One mechanically complete DU with some active OMs and related electronics  Presented in detail this morning E. Migneco34KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

What after the Preparatory Phase?  Need an organizational structure to manage the post-PP phase  A Memorandum of Understanding is in preparation  MoU must be a step further in the collaboration building process and not just a way to continue R&D activities  A first draft of the MoU has been prepared and is going to be discussed in this collaboration meeting E. Migneco35KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Funding opportunities  Funding is presently the major problem  The issue is followed by the ASC  Some funds for KM3NeT have been allocated in France (15 M€ with a possibility of other 8 M€) and The Netherlands (8.8 M€)  Some funds may also come from other countries: Romania (2.5 M€), Spain (1 M€)  Major funding may come from EU structural funds  An action to access these funds is under way in Italy for a total of approximately 45 M€  50 M€ allocated in Greece  These structural funds are “site”-linked E. Migneco36KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Candidate sites  Three candidate sites  Toulon (France)  Capo Passero (Italy)  Pylos (Greece)  Long-term site characterization measurements performed  Site decision requires scientific, technological and political input  Connection with funding opportunities E. Migneco37KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march

Conclusions  KM3NeT has gone through a long and difficult path  We have now reached a essential stage with the definition of the technology  All the conditions to start the construction are close at hand  Problems still remain open  Funding  Site choice E. Migneco38KM3NeT-PP SSC meeting - Amsterdam, march