Culture The Study of Human Geography

Culture Way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs

The Nature of Culture –Social groups –Language –Religion –Daily life –History –Arts –Government –Economy Cultural Traits

Social Groups Study culture by looking at different groups Number of poor, rich, and middle class How young and old are treated Rights and responsibilities of young and old Examines how people treat others who are different from themselves---TOLERANCE  Ethnic group – a group of people who share a common culture, language, or history

Language Dialect Local form of a language that differs from the language in other areas - Differences include: Pronunciation Meanings of words

Language English = Have a great day! Spanish = ¡Tenga un día magnífico! Italian = Avere un grande giorno! German = Haben Sie einen großen Tag! French = Avoir un grand jour! Portuguese = Tenha um grande dia! Norwegian = Ha en stor dag!

Religion Christianity: 2.1 billionIslam: 1.5 billionSecular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist: 1.1 billionChristianityIslamSecular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist Hinduism: 900 millionChinese traditional religion: 394 millionBuddhism: 376 millionHinduismChinese traditional religionBuddhism primal-indigenous: 300 millionAfrican Traditional & Diasporic: 100 millionSikhism: 23 millionprimal-indigenousAfrican Traditional & DiasporicSikhism Juche: 19 millionSpiritism: 15 millionJudaism: 14 millionJucheSpiritismJudaism Baha'i: 7 millionJainism: 4.2 millionShinto: 4 millionBaha'iJainismShinto Cao Dai: 4 millionZoroastrianism: 2.6 millionTenrikyo: 2 millionCao DaiZoroastrianismTenrikyo Neo-Paganism: 1 millionUnitarian-Universalism: 800 thousandRastafarianism: 600 thousandNeo-PaganismUnitarian-UniversalismRastafarianism Scientology: 500 thousandScientology

St. Basil’s Cathedral

Daily Life Food

Clothing

Traditional Homes

Irish thatched cottages

History Culture group has a shared history that shapes how they view the world.

Art

Sculpture

Music

Literature

Architecture

Types of Government

I. Authoritarian A. Dictatorship – Leader gains & keeps power by military or political terror. They rule as they wish. – leaders hold all political power Example – Fidel Castro of Cuba

Soviet Union under Stalin Ex. Nazi Germany under Hitler B. Totalitarianism - The leader has total control over every aspect of society

C. Monarchy – The government is ruled by a king, queen, emperor, etc. who inherit the right to rule. Ex. King Abdullah of Jordan

II. Democracy A. Representative democracy – leaders chosen by a vote of the people B. Constitutional monarchy – Both a monarchy and a democracy. Real power in hands of elected leaders. Monarchs have symbolic role. – people choose their leaders who have power to determine government policy Ex. Great Britain and Japan Ex. United States

Economic Systems (Degree of government involvement determines it)

I. Traditional Economy A. Economic decisions based on customs and beliefs handed down from generation to generation (often religious).

II.Market Economy Free Enterprise/Capitalism A. Economy controlled by private individuals or private corporations B. Individuals (consumers) determine what & how much will be produced by buying or not buying products C. Little government involvement

III. Command Economy (socialism / communism) 3. Determines cost of product 2. Determines wages 1. Controls what will be produced Communism – Government owns businesses

A. Government owns & runs basic industries (transportation, communications, banking, steel industry, resources) B. Private individuals or corporations own some parts of economy C. Believe wealth should be distributed more equally – (provide housing, health care, child care, pensions) Socialism

Cultural Diffusion The process of spreading new knowledge and skills to other cultures - Trade - Travel -War -Marriage - Migration Each immigrant group brings its own culture

Culture Over Time Nomadic people - live in small groups that move from place to place to follow sources of food. Nomadic Kazakhs on the steppe

Agricultural Revolution – people learned to grow food planting seeds Groups stayed in one place and built settlements Civilizations (highly developed societies) developed about 10,000 years ago The four highly developed early civilizations were:

Early Civilizations

River Valleys in present day Iraq

Egypt

India

China

Industrial Revolution – 1700s & 1800s Countries began using machines and factories to make goods

Information Revolution – connects the cultures of the world more closely than ever before

Culture Region Includes countries that have traits in common –Economic systems –Forms of government –Social groups –Languages are related –History –Art –Religion –Food, clothing, housing

Culture Regions