Questions 1. Your name? 2. Where are you from? 3. Why are you taking this class? (for fig. what do you intend to study?) 4. What do you hope to learn in this class? 5. Have you ever grown, caught, or hunted anything and eaten it? If so what? 6. What is your favorite food?

Authors  Who are they?  Where do they work?  Who pays them?

Authors  Who are they?  John F. Richards (Land Transformation)- economic history, comparative world history, ecology and deforestation, world environmental history ect…  Where do they work?  Was a history Professor at Duke  Who pays them?  Academic professor

Why Sustainability?

 Limited Resources

Why Sustainability?  Limited Resources  Future Generations

Why Sustainability?  Your Definitions Renewable : Continuous/Consistent Production : Long-term : Ongoing : Not abusing : Replenishment : Healthy : Maintain : Reuse : Continue consistently: Recovery : Not depleting : Long- term : Maintained : Ensuring for future generations : Not over consuming : Continuance : Long-lasting : Endure: Maintaining Quality : Co-existence : Repleneshment : Not damaging

Famine 1975 Paddock & Paddock Chapter 1: Why was a population explosion predicted?

Famine 1975 Paddock & Paddock Chapter 1: Why was a population explosion predicted? 1.Decrease in Death Rate (Graph pg. 17)

Famine 1975 Paddock & Paddock Chapter 1: Why was a population explosion predicted? 1.Decrease in Death Rate (Graph pg. 17) 2.Large population of young people

Famine 1975 Paddock & Paddock Chapter 1: Why was a population explosion predicted? 1.Decrease in Death Rate (Graph pg. 17) 2.Large population of young people 3.Birthrate

Famine 1975 Paddock & Paddock Chapter 1: Why was a population explosion predicted? 1.Decrease in Death Rate (Graph pg. 17) 2.Large population of young people 3.Birthrate

Famine 1975 Paddock & Paddock Chapter 1: Why was a population explosion predicted? 1.Decrease in Death Rate (Graph pg. 17) 2.Large population of young people 3.Birthrate Chapter 2: Food and Population  “Somersault of Export-Import food shipments” Country is unable to produce enough food and becomes an importer (graph pg. 43, 53)

Land Transformation John Richards “Rate of change across world regions followed arc of European political and economic control”

Land Transformation John Richards “Rate of change across world regions followed arc of European political and economic control” What is the European Model?  Central area of development/Urban area – spreads outward – creating a frontier that is exploited for natural resources  Capitalist model of specialization to maximize efficiency

The Ecology of Growing Food Kaufman & Cleveland  Why Agriculture? - Developed independently in at least 9 different areas (fig. 16.2)

The Ecology of Growing Food Kaufman & Cleveland  Why Agriculture? - Developed independently in at least 9 different areas (fig. 16.2) Technical change hypothesis Co-evolutionary hypothesis Resource depletion hypothesis Carrying Capacity

The Ecology of Growing Food Kaufman & Cleveland  Carrying Capacity  The maximum population that can survive indefinitely in a given environment with its available resources.

The Ecology of Growing Food Kaufman & Cleveland  Benefits of the Green Revolution  Rapid increase in food production  Delayed predicted population collapse  Decreased the price of food  Externalities

The Ecology of Growing Food Kaufman & Cleveland  Benefits of the Green Revolution  Rapid increase in food production  Delayed predicted population collapse  Decreased the price of food  Externalities  Costs of the Green Revolution  Hurt the small independent farmer  Reduced the energy return on food  Environmental pollution  Climate change

Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People Godfray et al. 2010

Green Revolution  Increased Production  What next?

Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People Godfray et al Green Revolution  Increased Production  What next? GMO’s: increase production and adaptive capacities

Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People Godfray et al Green Revolution  Increased Production  What next? GMO’s: increase production and adaptive capacities Close the Yield Gap

Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People Godfray et al. 2010

Green Revolution  Increased Production  What next? GMO’s: increase production and adaptive capacities Close the Yield Gap Reducing Waste – reasons for food waste vary depending on geographic region

Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People Godfray et al Green Revolution  Increased Production  What next? GMO’s: increase production and adaptive capacities Close the Yield Gap Reducing Waste – reasons for food waste vary depending on geographic region Changing Diets –production efficiency and environmental impact

Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People Godfray et al. 2010