Miss Gronek English 9

ARGUMENT 1) Expresses a point of view or position on an issue and 2) supports the position with reasons and evidence. -Argument= claim + support -Sound arguments appeal strictly to reason, not emotions

CLAIM -the writer or speaker’s position on an issue

SUPPORT -valid reasons -relevant & sufficient evidence

COUNTERARGUMENT -anticipates objections that opponents might raise and counters those objections with evidence -“some might argue that X is true, but in reality, Y is true because ______________-.” - Y = my argument, X is a counterclaim - “Some might argue that uniforms would be more expensive due to the additional cost of purchasing one. This, however, is not true. Money can be saved on laundry detergent by enforcing uniforms….”

TECHNIQUES -Now let’s take a look at some non-fiction techniques that are used to persuade

BANDWAGON APPEAL -The belief that something should be done because the majority of people do it -Taps into people’s desire to belong: Join the crowd rather than use logic -Ex. It’s alright for me to cheat on my taxes because everyone else does it

PLAIN FOLKS APPEAL -Implies that ordinary people are on “our side,” that the speaker is like an ordinary person and therefore relates to the common man - VqYLbQxJk&list=PLV7n3gcFazJucuMq5_RTyfn3yPq 4TCCTx

SNOB APPEAL -This technique suggests you can be like the expensively dressed, wonderfully looking people who use this product. -Ex: "Felson’s Furs – the feeling of luxury, for those who can afford the very best."

SNOB APPEAL

TESTIMONIAL -Relies on endorsements from well-known people or satisfied customers. _RTyfn3yPq4TCCTx

EMOTIONAL APPEAL -Words or images that appeal to the audience’s emotions are used. -positive emotions (i.e. joy, unity, desire for success) or negative emotions (fear, separation)

EMOTIONAL APPEAL -“Every single day innocent animals are abused, beaten, and neglected. Will you be an angel for a helpless animal?”

IN SUMMARY…

WHICH DEVICE? -What nonfiction devices/appeals are used in the following clips:

LOADED LANGUAGE -Using words with strongly positive or negative connotations to stir people’s emotions -Words that carry a heavy emotional charge -unloaded: the animal ate the plant -loaded: the ravenous beast ate the weed

FAIR LANGUAGE -Fair Language: “You have asked for my views on the man named Mr. Smithers. He has been an employee here for years. If you can find a position for him in the management sector of your company, I will be pleased.”

LOADED LANGUAGE -Fair Language: “You have asked for my views on the man named Mr. Smithers. He has been an employee here for years. If you can find a position for him in the management sector of your company, I will be pleased.” Loaded Language: “You have asked for my views on that creature named Smithers. He has been a clinging nuisance here for ages. If you can find a crevice for him in the woodwork of your sweatshop, I will be relieved.”

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN -Fair Language: “When you return home today, please feed the dog. He will require some attention. Loaded Language:

REPETITION -Uses the same word or words more than once, usually to emphasize a point -“Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all. Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all.” ^ What words or phrases are repeated in the above example? What is the effect?

PARALLELISM -Uses similar grammatical construction to express ideas that are related in importance. Often creates a rhythm. “We cannot, we must not refuse to protect the right of every American to vote in every election…And we ought not, we cannot, and we must not wait another 8 months before we get a bill” (Lyndon B. Johnson).

PARALLELISM Thesis statements should have parallel structure. In Homer’s Odyssey, Odysseus embodies a true epic hero because he follows Greek Ideals, he possesses superhuman abilities, and he encounters divine beings. verb adjective noun

ANALOGY -Makes a comparison between two subjects that are alike in some way. “Have you heard the canned, frozen, and processed product being dished up to the world as American popular music today?” (Billy Joel) What is the analogy in the above example? What point is Billy Joel trying to make using the analogy?

FACT VS. OPINION FACT: A statement that can be proved or verified. OPINION: A statement that cannot be proved because it expresses a person’s beliefs, feelings, or thoughts. Which is fact and which is opinion? The constant invasion of privacy is an outrage. According to a 1999 Wall Street Journal poll, loss of privacy is the number one concern of Americans

BIAS - An unfair preference for or against a particular topic Bias stems from: Fear Misunderstanding Hatred Stereotypes

BIAS

A bias is a tendency. Most biases—like preferring to eat food instead of paper clips, or assuming someone on fire should be put out—are helpful. But cognitive shortcuts can cause problems when we're not aware of them and we apply them inappropriately, leading to rash decisions or discriminatory practices (based on, say, racism and sexism). Relying on biases but keeping them in check requires a delicate balance of self-awareness.

STEREOTYPING -A fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people -Ex.: All Italians talk with their hands All rich people are Republicans -Stereotypes are effective because they often have a ring of truth to them