 regulate the volume and chemical make-up of the blood metabolize vitamin D

 Pelvis: expansion of upper ureter (lies within kidney) ▪ Calyces: divisions of the renal pelvis  Cortex: Outer Layer  Medulla: Inner Portion ▪ Pyramids: triangular divisions of the medulla

 Bowman’s Capsule: cup-shaped top of nephron  Glomerulus: network of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule  Renal Tubule: ▪ Proximal Convoluted Tubule ▪ Loop of Henle: extension of proximal tubule ▪ Collecting Tubule ▪ Distal Convoluted Tubule:

 Blood flows into kidneys and more specifically into the glomerulus  The blood exerts pressure high enough to push water and dissolved substances out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s Capsule.

 Substances move out of the renal tubules into the capillaries  Those substances reabsorbed include: ▪ Water ▪ Glucose ▪ Sodium

 Ureters: slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder  Bladder: collapsible muscular sac that, in males, is just anterior to the rectum, and in females, is anterior to the vagina and uterus.  Urethra: is a thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body.

 Adrenal Cortex: produces aldosternone ▪ Stimulates tubules to absorb salt at a faster rate ▪ Increases tubular reabsporption rates  Posterior Pituitary Gland: produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ▪ Makes distal and collecting tubules permeable to water ▪ Decrease amount of urine excreted

 As urine accumulates, the bladder stretches and stretch receptors are activated.  Occurs when about 200 mL of urine has accumulated  impulses are sent to the brain and one begins to feel the urge to urinate  Activation of the micturition center in the pons signals the need to urinate

 clear and pale to deep yellow  slightly acidic  around 6. 95% of urine volume is water  largest solute component is urea, a product of protein breakdown  other nitrogenous wastes include creatine and uric acid  In certain diseases, urine composition will change dramatically.

 Glucose - due to diabetes mellitus  Proteins - due to hypertension or glomerulunephritis  Ketone bodies - due to starvation or diabetes mellitus  Leukocytes - due to urinary tract infection  Erythrocytes - due to a bleeding urinary tract.

Thursday March 17