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4/5 ATB What 2 substances make up a chromosome? What is their function? What 2 substances make up a chromosome? What is their function? Today: Today: –Page 5 of the packet –Discuss the differences between diploid and haploid cells –Describe the cell cycle and mitosis –Last minutes: Finish working on karyotyping assignment (then it’s home work) –Karyotyping assignment due – Tuesday

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Diploid and Haploid Cells Diploid Diploid –Cells having two sets of chromosomes –2n - which means 2 x number of chromosomes –All human cells except sex cells Haploid Cells Haploid Cells –Cells which have only one set of chromosomes (1n) –Sperm and egg cells

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chromosome deletions / additions You can’t survive with a missing autosomal chromosome You CAN survive with only one “X” chromosome (called Turners Syndrome) Extra Chromosome Disorders: – –Autosomal: only individuals will survive if they have an extra chromosome 21 (Down Syndrome) – –Sex: XXy (Klinefelters Syndrome), XXX (Triple-X Syndrome) Xyy – the only disorder with an extra chromosome that doesn’t cause issues for the individual

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Objectives Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes. Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes. Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes. Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes. Summarize the events of interphase. Summarize the events of interphase. Describe the stages of mitosis. Describe the stages of mitosis. Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells. Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells. Explain how cell division is controlled. Explain how cell division is controlled.

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4/8 ATB Give an example of a diploid cell. Give an example of a diploid cell. Give an example of a haploid cell. Give an example of a haploid cell. Today: Today: –Notes page 5 –Discuss the steps of mitosis Karyotyping activity / questions due TOMORROW! Karyotyping activity / questions due TOMORROW!

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Review: What is mitosis? What is mitosis? Why do cells replicate their DNA before mitosis? Why do cells replicate their DNA before mitosis? How many chromosomes do humans have? How many chromosomes do humans have? How many autosomes? How many autosomes?

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cell Division Cell division - Cell division - –is the process by which cells reproduce themselves. In Prokaryotes: In Prokaryotes: Binary fission - Binary fission - –Division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. In Eukaryotes: In Eukaryotes: Cell Cycle - Cell Cycle - –Cycle consisting of interphase and cell division –Cell division- Process of creating a new cell Process of creating a new cell Includes mitosis cytokinesis. Includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. INTERPHASE Interphase - Interphase - Time between cellular division Time between cellular division Majority of the life cycle of a cell Majority of the life cycle of a cell Cell carries out regular functions. Cell carries out regular functions. Cell also prepares for next division Cell also prepares for next division –Stages (see diagram for what’s occurring in each stage) G1 G1 S1 S1 G2 G2

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3 Parts of Interphase: G 1 -- Cell Growth (duplicate organelles) G 1 -- Cell Growth (duplicate organelles) S -- DNA replication S -- DNA replication G 2 -- Growth and preparation for cell division G 2 -- Growth and preparation for cell division G 0 – cells that do not again prepare for replication – basically stay in G 1 phase G 0 – cells that do not again prepare for replication – basically stay in G 1 phase

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.Interphase Cell preparing Cell preparing for next division for next division

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Interphase – Cell diagram

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Time spent in interphase vs. mitosis Average eukaryotic cell cycle takes 24 hours Average eukaryotic cell cycle takes 24 hours –Time spent in interphase  22–23 hours –Mitosis takes only about  1-2 hours

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Cell Division – Mitosis and Cytokinesis Mitosis - Mitosis - –Process which ONE cell divides into TWO genetically identical cells –Asexual reproduction Stages of Mitosis: Stages of Mitosis: –Prophase –Metaphase –Anaphase –Telophase –Cytokinesis

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4/9 ATB What are the components of chromatin? What are the components of chromatin? Today: Today: –As soon as you get here  work on your drawing and descriptions –You will only have about 20 minutes to work on this! –Put your karyotyping assignment on the stump!

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Cell Cycle Assignment – 35 points You will be drawing the 6 phases of the cell cycle and give a description of each, including: You will be drawing the 6 phases of the cell cycle and give a description of each, including: –Interphase –Prophase –Metaphase –Anaphase –Telophase –Cytokinesis

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4/10 ATB Review: How is energy transformed in photosynthesis? Review: How is energy transformed in photosynthesis? Today: Today: –Continue discussing mitosis –Describe cytokinesis –Turn in your mitosis assignment

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.Prophase Chromatin coils into chromosomes (remember DNA was duplicated in the S phase) Chromatin coils into chromosomes (remember DNA was duplicated in the S phase) Nuclear membrane breaks down Nuclear membrane breaks down Centrioles Centrioles –Move towards poles of cell Spindle fibers appear Spindle fibers appear –Microtubules that radiates from centrioles and attach to chromosomes (Centrosomes – made up of two centrioles – move to cell poles) (Centrosomes – made up of two centrioles – move to cell poles)

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Metaphase Spindles move sister chromatids to the equator of the cell Spindles move sister chromatids to the equator of the cell (This is when process is interrupted for a karyotype) (This is when process is interrupted for a karyotype) “M” = middle “M” = middle

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Anaphase Sister chromatids pulled apart into daughter chromatids by spindle fibers Sister chromatids pulled apart into daughter chromatids by spindle fibers Daughter chromatids move towards poles of cell Daughter chromatids move towards poles of cell

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Telophase and Cytokinesis Chromosomes unwind Chromosomes unwind Nucleus starts to reform Nucleus starts to reform Spindles start to disappear Spindles start to disappear Cleavage furrow appears – indentation where cells will split Cleavage furrow appears – indentation where cells will split

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Mitosis Review What are the spindle fibers made of? What are the spindle fibers made of? What is chromatin? What is chromatin? How long is interphase? How long is interphase? How long is mitosis? How long is mitosis? What occurs in metaphase? What occurs in metaphase? What occurs in anaphase? What occurs in anaphase? What is occurring in prophase? What is occurring in prophase?

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cytokinesis Cell splitting into two new cells Cell splitting into two new cells

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Mitosis in Plants vs Animals Animal Cells Animal Cells –Cleavage furrow – indentation where cells will split and separate into two cells indentation where cells will split and separate into two cells Plant Cells Plant Cells –cell plate separates the dividing cell into two cells.

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Interphase and Mitosis You are going to find 5 graphics that represent interphase and the phases of mitosis You are going to find 5 graphics that represent interphase and the phases of mitosis You are also going to create a short summary of what happens in each phase. You are also going to create a short summary of what happens in each phase. You are then going to print this to help prepare for the test. You are then going to print this to help prepare for the test. IT MUST ONLY BE ONE PAGE! (feel free to make the margins smaller, etc) IT MUST ONLY BE ONE PAGE! (feel free to make the margins smaller, etc)

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Stages to get info for… Interphase – and diagram pic Prophase – and diagram pic Metaphase – and diagram pic Anaphase – and diagram pic Telophase & Cytokinesis – and diagram pic

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3-8 ATB How are prophase and telophase related? How are prophase and telophase related? Today: Today: –Review mitosis –Discuss cyctokinesis –Worksheet page… –Describe cancer –Rest of week: Wednesday – Start movie on cloning Wednesday – Start movie on cloning Thursday – Finish movie on cloning – start webquest on cancer Thursday – Finish movie on cloning – start webquest on cancer Friday – Review for mitosis test Friday – Review for mitosis test Monday – TEST on Mitosis and Cancer Monday – TEST on Mitosis and Cancer

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3/19 ATB In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes appear? In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes appear? Today: Today: –Finish discussing mitosis –Quiz tomorrow!!! –Turn in ATB’s!!! –Begin discussing control of the cell cycle

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Mitosis movies 3IQknCEdc&NR=1 3IQknCEdc&NR=1 3IQknCEdc&NR=1 3IQknCEdc&NR=1 V3fv-uZYI V3fv-uZYI V3fv-uZYI V3fv-uZYI

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Identify the Phase!

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Chapter 8 Mitosis

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4/11 ATB What is occurring in telophase? What is occurring in telophase? Today: Today: –Finish discussing cancer

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Mitosis – Quiz Review 1. What is mitosis? 2. What are histones? 3. What is a chromosome? 4. What occurs during interphase? 5. What is a karyotype? 6. What happens in prophase? 7. What happens during metaphase? 8. What happens during anaphase? 9. What happens during telophase? 10. What are autosomes? 11. How many chromosomes do you have? 12. What is binary fission? 13. Give an example of haploid cell. 14. What are diploid cells?

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3/21 ATB What would happen if cell division never stopped? What would happen if cell division never stopped? Today: Today: –Discuss control of the cell cycle

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Regulating the Cell Cycle

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Control of Cell Division Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many proteins. Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many proteins. Contact Inhibition - Contact Inhibition - –When normal cells come in contact with one another, growth stops

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cancer Disorder in which the body cells lose ability to control growth Disorder in which the body cells lose ability to control growth Cancer cells do not stop dividing when they come in contact. Cancer cells do not stop dividing when they come in contact. “What is cancer” video (saved) “What is cancer” video (saved)

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Tumors Tumors Are all tumors cancerous? Are all tumors cancerous? No No

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Causes of Cancer Environmental vs. Genetic Environmental vs. Genetic Examples of environmental causes… Examples of environmental causes… –Sun (UV) –Radiation –Chemicals

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4/12 ATB What is one problem that can arise when your body loses control of the cell cycle? What is one problem that can arise when your body loses control of the cell cycle? Today: Today: –Discuss cloning –Discuss cell differentiation –Nat Geo “Clone” – get out the worksheet (SHEETS ARE DUE AT THE END OF THE PERIOD) –Test Tuesday –Get review sheet today

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Different cancers affect the sexes differently

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Cancer Treatment 1. Surgery – physically remove the cancer 2. Chemotherapy = chemicals to kill the cancer (damages all cells) 3. Radiation – shoot focused beam at the cancer cell to kill them

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Cell Differentiation What did you start as? What did you start as? –1 (as did all living things) Now you contain around one hundred trillion cells Now you contain around one hundred trillion cells Differentiation – Differentiation – –Process of cells becoming specialized –Examples: Muscle cells, skin cells, liver cells, etc Muscle cells, skin cells, liver cells, etc

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. National Geographic – Clone National Geographic – Clone National Geographic – Clone National Geographic – Clone – 6t2nys 6t2nyshttp:// 6t2nys

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3*26 What is cell differentiation. What is cell differentiation. Today: Today: –Discuss stem cells –Continue with the nat. geo movie

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Stem Cells Totipotent - Totipotent - –Literally: “able to do everything” –Cells that haven’t differentiated yet Found only very early in organism development Found only very early in organism development Pluripotent – Pluripotent – –cells that can develop into many, but not all type of body cells

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3*27 ATB What can stem cells be used for? What can stem cells be used for? Today: Today: –Continue discussing stem cells –Continue with the movie –Test – Friday / Study guide

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Stem Cells Stem cells – Stem cells – –Unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop Base of a branch stem Base of a branch stem

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Two types of stem cells Embryonic Stem Cells - Embryonic Stem Cells - –Undifferentiated cells found in an embryo that produce all of the bodies cells –Able to grow in culture Adult Stem Cells - Adult Stem Cells - –Groups of cells that differentiate to renew/replace adult cells (skin, blood) –Only able to produce specific body cells (only the ones the tissue is associated with)

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Embryonic Stem Cells

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3*28 ATB Where do embryonic stem cells come from? Where do embryonic stem cells come from? Today: Today: –Finish the notes –Finish the movie Turn in the worksheet Friday Turn in the worksheet Friday –Test – FRIDAY Review sheet due Friday Review sheet due Friday

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Stem Cell Research? What is the goal of stem cell research? What is the goal of stem cell research? –To be able to replace/repair damaged cells with ones that are undamaged How do cells become damaged? How do cells become damaged? –Heart attacks – heart cells –Stroke – brain cells –Spinal cord injuries – paralysis

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Is embryonic stem cell research ethical? Where do adult stem cells come from? Where do adult stem cells come from? –Cells come from willing donors…so usually not a problem Where to embryonic stem cells come from? Where to embryonic stem cells come from? –Usually have to destroy an embryo Raises the question, are embryo’s alive? Raises the question, are embryo’s alive? What about In vitro fertilization? What about In vitro fertilization? –When eggs are fertilized outside a women’s body and then implanted –Usually more than one egg is fertilized, but only a few are implanted –What to do with the others?

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. New Techniques New techniques are developing that allows scientists to take the cells without damaging the embryo. New techniques are developing that allows scientists to take the cells without damaging the embryo. Or take adult stem cells and turn them “on” to allow them to differentiate into a larger number of cells Or take adult stem cells and turn them “on” to allow them to differentiate into a larger number of cells

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved ATB Why are haploid cells important? Why are haploid cells important? Today: Today: –Review for the test –Test Friday –Turn in study guide –Turn in movie worksheet

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved ATB TEST Today TEST Today Review Sheet Due Review Sheet Due Turn in cloning movie worksheet (if you didn ’ t already) Turn in cloning movie worksheet (if you didn ’ t already) TEST BONUS: Describe how an embryonic stem cell is created. TEST BONUS: Describe how an embryonic stem cell is created.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4/2 ATB How are stem cells created? How are stem cells created? Today: Today: –Go over the test –Start next chapter?