Economics Indicators INFLATION & THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
ECONOMIC INDICATORS. Real GDP Growth Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the dollar value of all goods and services produced in the U.S. economy in.
Advertisements

Economics Indicators INFLATION & THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)
Macroeconomics: output, employment and income in the Australian Economy Chapter 2.
MONITORING JOBS AND INFLATION
Chapter 4 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply. Macro Issues: © How do we measure a nation’s performance? By the value of aggregate output produced by.
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Chapter 8 Inflation.
6.02 Understand economic indicators to recognize economic trends and conditions A Describe the economic impact of inflation on business Understand.
What is a Business or Economic Cycle?. The Economic Cycle This is a term used to describe the tendency of an economy to move its economic growth away.
Unit A Business in a Changing World Section 1.04 Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle.
Growth of the Economy And Cyclical Instability
Chapter 19 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
MANAGING THE ECONOMY Economic Growth occurs when a country’s output exceeds its population growth. As a result, more goods and services are available.
INFLATION THE UK ECONOMY (MACROECONOMICS) TOPIC 2.
Macroeconomics THE BIG PICTURE
UNDERSTANDING THE ECONOMY Lesson 3-2. Understanding the Economy Objectives List the goals of a healthy economy Explain how an economy is measured Analyze.
V. Finkelshteyn Economics Personal Finance #3
© 2005 Thomson C hapter 4 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply.
Macroeconomic Goals and Instruments
Chapter 8 Inflation McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Inflation Inflation Rate Price Indexes Demand-Pull Inflation Cost-Push Inflation Upward Spiral of Prices and Wages Impacts of Inflation.
Economics Chapter 13. National Income Accounting The measurement of the national economy’s performance. A measure of the amount of goods and services.
Economics: Chapter 13 Measuring the Economy’s Performance.
Chapter 13 Measuring the Economy’s Performance  Section 1National Income Accounting  Section 2Correcting Statistics for Inflation  Section 3Aggregate.
6.02 Understand economic indicators to recognize economic trends and conditions Understand economics trends and communication.
Warm-Up: What do you think the term “Economic Indicator” means?
Part II: Business Environment Introduction to Business 3e 4 Copyright © 2004 South-Western. All rights reserved. Assessing Economic Conditions.
INFLATION AND TYPES OF INFLATION Md. Nuruzzaman, PhD Director (Training), NAPD 1.
DEFINITION  An economic indicator is a statistic about an economy.  It is a piece of data of macroeconomic scale that is used to interpret the overall.
Macroeconomic Performance AS Economics Unit 2. Aims and Objectives Aim: To understand measures of unemployment and inflation as measures of macroeconomic.
Measuring the Economy’s Performance. GDP – Gross Domestic Product Definition: total dollar value of all final goods and services produced in a nation.
 A piece of economic data (statistic)  indicates the direction of an economy.
Introduction to Business © Thomson South-Western ChapterChapter Chapter 2 Measuring Economic Activity Economic Conditions Other Measures of Business Activity.
Macroeconomic Concepts. Macroeconomics looks at the big picture, the performance of our economy as a whole. It measures various symptoms of how healthy.
1 of 18 Chapter 25 The Difference Between Short-Run and Long-Run Macroeconomics.
© 2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing The Economic Way of Thinking, 11/e Heyne/Boettke/Prychitko “The Economic Way of Thinking” 11 th Edition Chapter.
SESSION 8: MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS: GDP, CPI, AND THE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Talking Points Macroeconomic Indicators: GDP, CPI, and the Unemployment Rate 1.
Advanced Macroeconomics Lecture 1. Macroeconomic Goals and Instruments.
Business Administration & Management Mr. Bernstein Managing An Economy, pp February 24, 2015.
Introduction to the UK Economy. What are the key objectives of macroeconomic policy? Price Stability (CPI Inflation of 2%) Growth of Real GDP (National.
The Nature of Economic Growth AS Economics Unit 2.
What option for opening a restaurant are you still holding on to? 1. Take your savings and open the restaurant now. 2. Hold off for a year and open it.
Essential Standard 1.00 Understand the role of business in the global economy. 1.
Objective 1.02 Understand economic conditions 1 Understand the role of business in the global economy.
  GDP (Gross Domestic Product) – Basic measure of a nation’s economic output and income. Total market value of all goods and services produced in the.
Essential Standard 1.00 Understand the role of business in the global economy. 1.
NEXT WEEK: Analyzing demographic and economic data of first, second and third world countries Today: Gross Domestic Product and Population Growth (Chapter.
Chapter 13: Business Cycles, Unemployment, and Inflation McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Defining & Calculating Inflation AP Macroeconomics.
Business Cycles and Fluctuations. Chapter 14.. UNEMPLOYMENT Unequal Burdens of Unemployment Occupation Age Race and Ethnicity Gender Education.
Economic Indicators INFLATION & THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)
Essential Standard 1.00 Understand the role of business in the global economy. 1.
Eco Unit 5. Economic Growth Economic growth is the increase in the market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time.
MACRO ECONOMICS 1. 1.Promote Economic Growth 2.Limit Unemployment 3.Keep Prices Stable (Limit Inflation) In this unit we will analyze how each of these.
Gross Domestic Product & Growth
CISI – Financial Products, Markets & Services
INFLATION & THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)
Analyze cost/profit relationships to guide business decision making.
Understand the role of business in the global economy
Economic Indicators.
UNIT IVE INFLATION.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMIC
Introduction to the UK Economy
Inflation & Stagflation
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
Macroeconomics Intro to GDP.
Measuring the Economy’s Performance
Understand the role of business in the global economy.
Macroeconomics Economic Indicators.
Inflation & Stagflation
Understand the role of business in the global economy.
Presentation transcript:

Economics Indicators INFLATION & THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)

What is Inflation? Inflation A significant rise in prices and costs that results in the decline in the purchasing power of a currency. An increase in the price of just one good or service is not inflation. Economists have identified two main forms of inflation: Cost Push & Demand Pull Inflation.

Demand Pull Inflation If there is an increase in demand from households, firms, government, aggregate demand (total demand) can be forced upwards and the price level pulled up accordingly. High levels of consumer demand may occur when employment is strong (low unemployment) and incomes are rising.

Cost Push Inflation An across the board increase in producers costs of production can cause cost push inflation. What would cause cost-push inflation?? eg. Wage rises, a rise in the price of imported oil (transport companies) and an increase in interest rates Labour costs usually represent the largest component of production costs and can contribute significantly to inflationary pressures during a boom period.

What level of inflation is acceptable for a developed country? At first, it would be desirable to want a very low rate of inflation for a country. However, very low rates of inflation (less than 1%) indicate low levels of economic demand and low GDP growth. An inflation rate of 2 to 3% is considered desirable for most developed economies as a sign of a healthy economy. However, there are exceptions like Japan. An inflation rate of 5% or more for a developed country is generally too high and it would be a sign of an overheating (growing too fast) economy – cost push inflation would be a problem.

What level of inflation is acceptable for a developing country? A developing country, may have a higher inflation rate than a developed country, because price stability may be less important than economic growth. An inflation rate of 5 to 10% may be acceptable, if high (GDP) growth is being achieved. However, if inflation is between 5 to 10% and economic growth is relatively low, then policy makers are failing to achieve the most optimum use of resources.

Inflation - Exercise Go to Click on economics, and then market & data, and then output, jobs etc. 1.List three countries with the highest inflation rate in the developed world. 2.List three countries with the highest inflation rate in the developing world? 3.A inflation rate of between 2 to 3% is considered a healthy range for a developed economy with moderate growth rates. How many countries are in this category?

HOW TO MEASURE INFLATION: PRICE INDICES Price Indices The main function of a price index is to give a generalized and simplified view of price changes by summarizing in one figure, the general movements in prices of a number of a number of commodities.

HOW TO MEASURE INFLATION: COMPILING A PRICE INDEX Selection of a Regimen The regimen is the group or basket of commodities whose price changes are to be summarized in the price index. Collection of Accurate Prices

HOW TO MEASURE INFLATION: COMPILING A PRICE INDEX Selection of a Base Year or Period It is necessary to select a period as a standard with which prices in other periods can be compared. This should be a normal period (not a war period or period of high inflation or a recession). The aggregate expenditure on the regimen in the base period is denoted by the index number 100. The index number for the following years is then expressed as percentage.

HOW TO MEASURE INFLATION: COMPILING A PRICE INDEX Weighting the Items This is an attempt to assess the relative importance of expenditure of items included in the regimen. Eg. Milk would be given greater weighting than Jeans, because it is purchased more often and is more important to the majority of the population. In creating a indice, weight can simply return to the frequency of purchase.

HOW TO MEASURE INFLATION PRICE INDICE - EXAMPLEProductWeightPrice2007Expenditure2007Price2008Expenditure2008 QuiksilverBoardshorts1$4949$5555 Pauls Milk 2 Litre 30$3.1093$ Top 10 CD (Target)3$ $ Train Ticket (Metrorail)20$3.9579$ TASK: Using the above information calculate the inflation rate for 2008

HOW TO MEASURE INFLATION PRICE INDICE - EXERCISES Formula CPI = (296.95/282.5) x 100 = 5.12% New weighted Total Price x 100 Old Weighted Total Price

What is the inflation rate in the island nation of Isla Bonita?ProductWeightPrice2012Expenditure2012Price2013Expenditure2013 SwimmingSuit1$35$40 1 Litre Orange Juice 25$1.25$ Bus Ticket15$2.25$2.30 Rent (average apartment) TASK: Using the above information calculate the inflation rate at end of 2013

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) A Key Economic Indicator Most countries in the world publish a CPI which is a key economic indicator. The consumer price index is sophisticated price indice. Date is published monthly. The CPI includes a range of goods and services. This includes the cost to rent average home, the price of bus tickets, and a range of food and beverages. Housing has the strongest weighting in most CPI calculations. In many countries, the CPI also includes items such as tobacco, which some economists believe should be excluded.

Deflation During periods of economic contraction (negative GDP), an economy may experience deflation – prices on average start falling. Alternatively, a country may have positive GDP growth generated by exports sales, but still have very low levels of demand in the domestic economy. This low level of demand in the domestic economy will force prices down. This is the problem in Japan. Japan has suffered from several periods of deflation in the last 15 years.

THE UNDERLYING INFLATION RATE Instead of just quoting the standard or headline CPI figure, some economists cite the underlying CPI rate, as a more accurate reflection of price changes. The underlying CPI rate is an attempt to identify the price changes resulting from real demand and supply forces at work in the domestic economy and not price changes caused by temporary institutional or external (international) factors. The underlying CPI measure excludes seasonal factors, petrol prices and government and financial charges which are included in the headline rate.

The GDP Deflator An alternative measure of inflation. The GDP deflator provides the broadest coverage of price changes than the CPI. As GDP includes all components of national output, the deflator combines the price movements of all sectors of the economy (producer, wholesale, retail), whereas CPI shows only price changes at the retail level. Changes in the cost of providing some government services like defence and education are included in the GDP deflator.

Problems with the GDP Deflator It can be influenced by fluctuation in export prices. Export prices might be increasing, but domestic prices remain unchanged. There is an increased time delay between the release of GDP statistics. CPI figures available some months ahead of GDP statistics.

Inflationary Expectations Economic decision makers, such as wage earners, borrowers and lenders will need to take account of the expected inflation rate when negotiating some deals. Wages increases must at least be above the inflation rate, to maintain purchasing power.