KINGDOM PLANTAE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Multicellular Eukaryote cells Cell walls made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis (autotrophs) - use green pigments chlorophyll a and b Life cycles have two alternating phases, a diploid (2N) phase and a haploid (N) phase, this is known as alternation of generations.

Plant survival needs: Sunlight Water and Minerals Gas Exchange Movement of Water and Nutrients

KINDS OF PLANTS Non-Vascular Small size and relatively simple Do not have true roots; water and nutrients move by osmosis and diffusion. Gametophyte (N) stage larger than sporophyte (2N) stage. Requires water for reproduction

BRYOPHYTES (Mosses) §Grow in mates §Found on moist soil §Adapted to harsh environments; abundant in polar regions §Have cuticles, stomata and some simple conducting cells §Anchored to the ground by rhizoids §Sporophytes grow on top of gametophytes.

HEPATOPHYTES (Liverworts) §Soil damp year round §Grow in mats of many single individuals §No conduction cells, cuticles or stomata §Some species resemble the shape of a liver §Gametophyte broad and thin; draw moisture directly from the soil §Umbrella like structures (sporophytes) produce eggs and sperm

ANTHOCEROPHYTES (Hornworts) §Soil must be damp year round. §Gametophyte stage like liverwort §Sporophyte tiny green horn

VASCULAR PLANTS SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS Vascular systems have both xylem and phloem Have true roots, stems and leaves Sporophytes(2N) stage larger than gametophyte(N) stage Water needed for fertilization Spores drought resistant

LYCOPHYTS - CLUB MOSSES §Have true roots, stems and leaves §Have underground rhizome §Reproduce by spores (non-green spore bearing leaves

SPHENOPHYTA - HORSETAILS §Have roots, stems and leaves §Vertical stems grow from rhizome; are hallow and have joints §Reproduce by spores; form in cones

Phylum - Pteraphyta (Ferns) §Grow throughout the world. §The visible plant is the sporophyte stage. §Stems called rhizomes grow underground anchored by roots. §Leaves called fronds; coiled young leaves called fiddleheads.

§Spores grow in clumps on the underside of the frond called sori §Gametophyte stage is less than 1 cm across - heart shaped green plant (prostomium)

PSILOTOPHYTA - WHISK FERNS §Probably most closely resemble the earliest vascular plants §Highly branched stems and no leaves or roots §Produce by spores (at tips of short branches)

Seed Producing Vascular Plants Vascular systems have both xylem and phloem Have true roots, stems and leaves

CYCADOPHYTA - CYCADS §Everygreens §Slow-growing §Tropical and subtropical shrubs §Many resemble small palm trees §Have palmlike or fernlike compound leaves §Have either male pollen- producing cones or female seed-producing cones 100 yr. old male plant Sage “cycad palm

GINKGOPHYTA - GINKGOES §Deciduous trees with fan-shaped leaves §Sexes separate §Only one living species

Gnetophyta - gnetophytes §Few species §Mostly desert-living

CONIFEROPHYTA - CONIFERS §Gymnosperms (aka) §Seeds born on cones §Wind pollinated §Most evergreen §Many have needlelike leaves §Most species, sexes are not separate §Examples – pine, cedar, cypress, fir, sequoia

ANTHOPHYTA - Angiosperms §Flowering plants §Seeds develop enclosed within ovaries §Leaves modified into flowers §Pollinated by wind or by animals §Occur in many different forms §Found everywhere

Class – Monocotyledonae (monocots) §Embryo with a single cotyledon §Leaves with predominantly parallel venation §Flower parts in multiples of 3 §Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem §Examples – lily, corn, grasses, palm, tulip

Class-Dicotyledonae (dicots) §Embryo with two cotyledons §Leaves with venation in netlike patterns §Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5 §Vascular bundles arranged in rings in stem §Examples – rose, maple, oak, daisy, apple