The student guide for figuring out the various types of plants, structures and their functions, and reproductive methods. Good luck… Created by the one and only Ms. Marrero

 Kingdom: Plants  Plants = autotrophs (they produce their own food) and a type of Eukaryote  Make food by photosynthesis  Use carbon dioxide and water (with the use of sunlight) to make food and oxygen. ▪ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2 ▪ Pretty simple?

NONVASCULAR  Examples include:  Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts  Low-growing  Lack vascular tissues  Simple system: passes nutrients from cell to cell  Need moisture to survive (and lots of it; does not do well on land)  Thin root-like structures called rhizoids anchor the moss and absorb water/nutrients from the soil.  Bog = wetland where Sphagnum moss grows and the water is too acidic for dead plants to decompose. The dead moss end up forming peat which is a pile of compressed dead moss. VASCULAR  Examples include:  Ferns, Horsetails, Seed plants, Gymnosperms, & Angiosperms  More complex system: tube-like structures which food and water move.  Contain stem, roots, and leaves.  Has vascular tissue which strengthens and supports the plant.  Xylem = vascular tissue in which water travels  Phloem = vascular tissue in which food travels  More suited for life on land than nonvascular (due to more complex system to obtain water, retain water, transport materials through plant, support structures, and successful reproduction).

Two stages: 1. Sporophyte = plants produce spores Spores = tiny cells that grow into new organisms 2. Gametophyte = plants produce gametes Gametes = egg cells and sperm cells Reproduction Self-fertilization When pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower Cross-Fertilization When pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant Hydroponics Method when plants are grown in solutions of nutrients instead of in soil Questions?

Leaves and their Anatomy A. Cuticle B. Epidermis C. Guard Cell D. Palisade Layer E. Bundle Sheath Cell F. Spongy Layer G. Xylem H. Phloem

Leaves and their Anatomy  Roots - Anchor the plants to the ground  Stem - Carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves  Leaf - Primary photosynthetic organ of the plant  Node - Location where leaf attaches to the stem  Internode - The distance between one node and the next  Stomata - Openings that allow gas exchange  Chlorophyll - Gives leaves their green color  Cuticle - Waxy covering of the leaf  Epidermis - Layer underneath the cuticle  Guard Cell - Specialized cells surrounding the stomata and shaped like cupped hands, cause the stomata to open or close based on pressure  Cambium - Layer of cells that divide to produce new phloem and xylem to increase the stem’s width Memorize

Leaves and their Anatomy  Anther - One of two parts of the stamen  Filament - One of two parts of the stamen  Pollen - Fertilizes the female to produce offspring  Stigma - One of three parts of the pistil  Style - One of three parts of the pistil  Ovule - One of three parts of the pistil  Embryo - A fertilized egg, also known as a zygote  Seed - Contains the embryo, stored food, and a seed coat to aid in development Memorize

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GYMNOSPERM  Produce naked seeds  Needlelike/scalelike leaves  Deep growing root system  Examples: Cycads, Ginkgo, Gnetophytes, & Conifers  Conifers are the largest group used for making paper and lumber for houses  Pollination  Reproductive structures = cones  Pollen fertilizes the ovule and a seed develops ANGIOSPERM  Produce flowers and fruit  Reproductive structure = flower (where the ovary is located)  Seeds enclosed in a fruit  Seeds develop in an ovary  Stamen = male reproductive structure ▪ Anther – where pollen is produced (top of the stalk) ▪ Filament – connects to the anther  Pistil = female reproductive structure in center of the flower ▪ Stigma – top sticky part ▪ Style – tube that connects stigma to ovary ▪ Ovary – contain the ovules

1. We completed the PowerPoint. 2. All that is left to do is take the quiz. 3. Take out a piece of paper and writing utensil. 4. Put everything else away. 5. Write your name, date, and period in the top right corner. 6. Number it 1 through 10.

1. The part of the plant found in the vascular bundle that carries water A. Leaves B. Xylem C. Phloem D. Chloroplasts 2. These nonvascular plants have thin root-like structures A. Mosses B. Ferns C. Gymnosperm D. Angiosperm 3. _______ is the primary photosynthetic organ of the plant. A. Roots B. Stem C. Leaf D. Cuticle 4. _______ is made of layers of dead moss that does not decompose 5. The method, ______________, is when plants are grown in solutions of nutrients instead of in soil. 6. The two parts of the stamen are the _______ and _________. 7. The three parts of the pistil include ________, _________, and _________. 8. Plants much more suited for life on land 9. Layer of cells that divide to produce new phloem and xylem to increase the stem’s width 10. Stage where plants produce gametes