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Living things need energy to survive and function. You get the energy you need from the food you eat. Where does that energy come from? Sun  Plants  You !!!2

You must eat food to get energy (you are a heterotroph).You must eat food to get energy (you are a heterotroph). –When you breakdown your food you store the energy in the bonds of ATP. Plants can make their own food (they are autotrophs).Plants can make their own food (they are autotrophs). –Plants store sunlight energy in the chemical bonds of glucose (a carbohydrate). glucose ATP3

ATP: Energy Storage WHAT IS ATP? Universal Energy Molecule The cell’s “Energy Bank” Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Consist ofConsist of –a sugar called ribose –N containing Adenine –Three phosphate groups4

ATP AdenineRibose3 Phosphate groups5

When the energy is used the ATP ADP ATP is converted into ADP Partially charged battery Fully charged battery P P ADPATP CLIP The Bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH ENERGY. When a phosphate group is removed-energy is released6

Using ATP in Active Transport Animation7

ATP Cell can make ATP from ADP by using the energy from carbohydrates. This means that the energy in carbohydrates is then stored in ATP until needed by cells. Breaking down Carbohydrates releases energy ADP ATP Energy from the Carbohydrates is stored in ATP!!!8

CLIP. ATP is the major energy link between energy- using and energy releasing reactions.9

glucose Trapping Energy10 Clip

Use –sunlight, carbon dioxide & water Produce –high energy carbohydrates –high energy carbohydrates such as sugars (glucose) &starches. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants: Plants store sunlight energy in Glucose!11

Where does photosynthesis take place?12

Leaf Structure Photosynthesis Location: The leaves of plants: a.stomata b.cells Stomata Cell Chloroplast CO 2 Goes in13

Section 23-4 Epidermis Stomata Guard cells The Internal Structure of a Leaf CO 2 enters through the stomata Chloroplasts CO 2 Goes in14

Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells. Using the energy from the sunlight, chloroplasts form are able to form ATP as well as synthesizing sugars from H 2 0 & CO 2. Chloroplast Structure15

Chloroplast Organellephotosynthesis Organelle where photosynthesis takes place. Thylakoid Stroma Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Chloroplast Structure16

Chloroplast Picture 17 Chloroplast Structure

Things to know about Chloroplasts 1.Have a d dd double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane 2.Have their o oo own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes 18.1

1.Have a d dd double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane 2.Have their o oo own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes 3.Have their o oo own ribosomes more like the ribosomes of prokaryotes than eukaryotes make their own enzymes required for photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water produce glucose 4.Contain c cc chlorophyll this green chemical (pigment) "traps" sunlight energy Things to know about Chloroplasts18.2 Pigments are molecules that absorb light energy

Plants absorb certain wavelengths of light. Blue and Red. Pigments are molecules that absorb light. Main pigment is Chlorophyll. EnergyWhen they absorb light, they are absorbing Energy. b a 19

Photosynthesis: Products &Reactants CO 2 + H 2 O Chloroplast Light Energy Glucose & O 220 SUN

Formula For Photosynthesis 6 _____ + 6 ______ +__________ ______ + ______ Reactants Products 21

Photosynthesis Takes Place in 2 Steps.22

Step 1:Light Dependent Reaction. Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction. –Energy captured –Energy captured from Sunlight. –H 2 O is split –H 2 O is split into H +, electrons, & Oxygen (O 2 ). –The O 2 diffuses out of the Chloroplasts. –MADE: –MADE: O 2, ATP & NADPH. –Takes place: –Takes place: Thylakoid23 The light reaction is the photo part of photosynthesis.

–The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH is used to make Glucose using CO 2. –This is a light independent reaction. –MADE: –MADE: Glucose –Takes place: –Takes place: Stroma Step 2: Light I II Independent Reaction (CALVIN CYCLE). 24 SunlightWater Oxygen The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis. ATP NADPH Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction This process is known as carbon fixation.

Chloroplast Water O2O2 Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Section 8-3 Photosynthesis: An Overview Go to Section: LIGHT REACTIONDARK REACTION-Light Independent Thylakoid MembraneStroma 25 SUNLIGHT

Photosynthesis Occurs in two Steps Light dependent Reaction Dark Reaction/ Calvin Cycle Oxygen ATP NADPH Thylakoid Membrane Glucose Stroma Produces Occurs (location) 26 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy from sunlight → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

GLUCOSE PLANTS STORE ENERGY FROM THE SUN IN THE BONDS OF GLUCOSE !!!! C L I P27

Where does each reactant enter the plant??? 28

Once plants use light energy to form carbohydrates, other organisms, called Heterotrophs, can then use this carbohydrate energy for their own life processes. One way carbohydrate energy is used by organisms is through the process of cellular respiration. Sun  Plants  You!! 29

Major Conce pt How it’s all connect ed.

Cellular Respiration 30

Cellular Respiration Process that occurs in cells in which cells break down Glucose for ENERGY! Occurs in cytoplasm and Mitochondria. 31 Breaking down food for energy.

Cellular Respiration Overview: Plants are producers and make glucose by the process of photosynthesis. Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy. There are two important ways a cell can harvest energy from food: f ff fermentation and cellular respiration. 32 Breaking down food for energy. 36

3 Steps Cellular Respiration Takes Place in 3 Steps. Step 1: Glycolysis Step 2: Krebs Cycle Step 3: Electron Transport 33

Step 1: Glycolysis Means “Splitting Glucose” Glycolysis starts with Glucose. 34 –Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called Pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid. –Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called Pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid ). –Happens in the Cytoplasm. –Clip Clip Glycolysis does not need oxygen!

Mitochondria Anatomy 35 Steps 2 & 3 Occur in the Mitochondria  2 membranes  Own ribosomes  Own DNA

In the presence of Oxygen: Step 2: Step 3: In the presence of Oxygen: Step 2: Krebs Cycle Step 3: Electron Transport MitochondriaHappens in the Mitochondria PyruvateStarts with Pyruvate. CO 2, H 2 O & ATPPyruvate moves into the mitochondria and is broken down into CO 2, H 2 O & ATP. 36

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Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid Cellular Respiration Review Go to Section: With oxygen 38 36

Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid Breaking down glucose without oxygen Go to Section: With out oxygen 39 Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide Lactic Acid Pyruvic Acid

Fermentation Without oxygen: Lactic AcidAlcoholWithout oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation. Lactic Acid- Muscle cells Alcohol- Yeast 40

In the presence of oxygen: 1 Glucose is converted into 36 ATP. Without oxygen: 1 Glucose is converted into 2 ATP. 41 C 6 H 12 O O 2 => 6 CO H 2 O + 36 ATP

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Photosynthesis Respiration produces food stores energy Uses H 2 O uses CO 2 releases O 2 occurs in sunlight uses food releases energy Produces H 2 O produces CO 2 uses O 2 occurs in the dark as well as light Photosynthesis vs. Respiration 43

44 Energy Converters video. Click picture.