Copyright 2007 The ACT-HBV Korea & UMT. All Rights Reserved 강동 경희대병원 소화기내과 이 정일 만성 B 형 간염의 치료.

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Copyright 2007 The ACT-HBV Korea & UMT. All Rights Reserved 강동 경희대병원 소화기내과 이 정일 만성 B 형 간염의 치료

B 형 간염은 전인류의 사회적 문제 WHO, CDC Fact Sheet Mevican et al. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;15(12): 세계인구 60 억 중 20 억 B 형 간염 감염자 3~4 억 만성 B 형 간염 25–40% (7 천 5 백 ~1 억 6 천 ) 간질환으로 사망 75% 가 아시아에

Copyright 2007 The ACT-HBV Korea & UMT. All Rights Reserved 3 HBsAg Prevalence High (≥ 8%) Intermediate (2% to 8%) Low (< 2%) Mast EE, et al. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:1-33. Custer B, et al. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(10 suppl):S158-S168. HBsAg Positive, % Taiwan Vietnam China Africa Philippines Thailand Indonesia 4.0 South Korea India Russia US Prevalence of HBV: Global Estimates

Copyright 2007 The ACT-HBV Korea & UMT. All Rights Reserved 4 10 Leading Causes of Infectious Disease Deaths Worldwide (2000) Lower respiratory tract infections~ 3.5 million HIV/AIDS~ 3.0 million Diarrheal diseases~ 2.2 million Tuberculosis~ 2.0 million Malaria~ 1-3 million Measles~ 888,000 Hepatitis B~ 500, ,000 Pertussis~ 355,000 Neonatal tetanus~ 300,000 Hepatitis C~ 250,000 DiseaseDeaths per Year WHO. Hepatitis B Maynard JE, et al. In: Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc CDC. Epidemiology & prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. The Pink Book. 8th ed. CDC. MMWR. 2001;50:RR-11.

Immunopathogenesis of HBV infection (I) Humoral immunity -anti-HBs neurtralize circulating HBV particles Cell mediated immunity -Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells target HBc Ag presenting hepatocytes -Eliminate virus containing hepatocytes

Immunopathogenesis of HBV infection (II) Optimal immune response -Acute hepatitis B Suboptimal immune response -Chronic carrier or chronic hepatitis B Hyperimmune response - Fulminant hepatitis

Copyright 2007 The ACT-HBV Korea & UMT. All Rights Reserved 7 주산기때감염 만성간염 완치 간경변 간부전 성인시 감염 완치 만성 간염 간암 간이식 / 사망 건강보유자 10-70% 99% <1% 30-90% * Incidence per 100 person years ~ 1* 2-10* 3-4* 2-3* ~3* * B 형 간염의 임상경과

만성 B 형 간염의 진행과정 면역 관용기 Immune tolerance stage 면역 제거기 Immune clearence stage HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis 비활동성 보유자 상태 Inactive HBsAg carrier stage 재활성화기 Reactivation stage HBeAg(-) chronic hepatitis

진단기준 만성 B 형간염 (chronic hepatitis B)  HBsAg 이 6 개월 이상 양성  HBeAg 양성 만성간염 : 혈청 HBV DNA  20,000 IU/mL (10 5 copies/mL) HBeAg 음성 만성간염 : 혈청 HBV DNA  2,000 IU/mL (10 4 copies/mL)  AST 및 ALT 의 지속적 혹은 간헐적 상승  간생검에서 염증괴사 소견 ( 선택 조건 ) 비증식 B 형간염 바이러스 보유 (inactive HBsAg carrier state)  HBsAg 이 6 개월 이상 양성  HBeAg 이 음성이고 anti-HBe 가 양성  혈청 HBV DNA < 2,000 IU/mL (10 4 copies/mL)  AST 및 ALT 가 지속적으로 정상  간생검에서 염증괴사 소견이 없음 ( 선택 조건 ) 회복된 B 형간염 (resolved hepatitis B)  과거 B 형 급성 혹은 만성간염의 병력이 있거나 혈청검사에서 anti-HBc ± anti-HBs 양성  HBsAg 음성  혈청 HBV DNA 음성 ( 예민한 방법으로는 극미량이 검출되기도 함 )  정상 ALT

 만성 B 형바이러스 감염의 임상상 구분  치료 적응 여부  약제의 항바이러스 효과  Virological breakthrough( viral rebound)  부적합한 치료 반응 (Suboptimal response) 약제내성의 위험군을 조기 발견하여 맞춤치료의 계획 수립 HBV DNA 측정

Serum HBV DNA(IU/mL) 2x10 1 2x10 3 2x10 2 2x10 4 2x10 5 2x10 6 2x10 7 2x10 8 2x10 9 HBeAg(+) CHB HBeAg(-) CHB Inactive HBsAg carrier state Serum HBV DNA in chronic HBV infection

Log vs Linear Scale Different Limits of Resolution

치료 목표 Goals 단기 : HBV 의 증식을 억제하여 간염을 완화, 섬유화를 방지 장기 : 만성 B 형 간염 단계에서 염증을 완화시켜 간경변증, 간기능부전, 혹은 간암으로 진행을 방지 End-points HBsAg 소실 또는 혈청 전환 HBeAg 혈청전환의 지속적인 유지 치료 종료 후 지속적인 HBV DNA 불검출 : PegIFN 치료 중 HBV DNA 불검출 : NUCs

치료 대상 만성 B 형 간염 HBeAg (+)HBeAg (-) ALT HBV DNA (IU/mL) ALT HBV DNA (IU/mL) KASL (2007)≥ 2 x UNL≥ 20,000≥ 2 x UNL≥ 2,000 APASL (2008)≥ 2 x UNL≥ 20,000≥ 2 x UNL≥ 2,000 EASL (2009)≥ 1 x UNL> 2,000≥ 1 x UNL> 2,000 AASLD (2009)> 2 x UNL> 20,000> 2 x UNL> 2,000

치료 대상 간경변증 CompensatedDecompensated ALT HBV DNA (IU/mL) ALT HBV DNA (IU/mL) KASL (2007)≥ 1 x UNL≥ 2,000Detectable APASL (2008)> 2,000Detectable EASL (2009)Detectable AASLD (2009) > 2,000 Detectable > 1 x UNL< 2,000

치료제 Interferon-α1992 Lamivudine(Zeffix ® )1998 Adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera ® )2002 Entecavir (Baraclude ® )2005 Peg-interferon (Pegasys ® )2005 Telbivudine (Sebivo ® )2006 Tenofovir (Viread ® )2008 Clevudine (Levovir ® )2006

각 약제의 장, 단점 장점단점 페그 인터페론 일정기간 치료 반응 지속성 – 좋음 내성 없음 e 항원 혈청 전환률 높음 s 항원 소실 가능성 주사제 부작용 고가 라미부딘 경구 부작용 - 거의없음 장기성적 보유 저가 높은 내성률 (high) - 1 년 : 20%, 5 년 : 70% 아데포비어 낮은 내성률 (lower) - 1 년 : 0%, 2 년 : 3%, 3 년 : 11%, 4 년 : 18%, 5 년 : 29% 신장독성 바이러스 억제 - 다소 느림 엔테카비어 강력한 바이러스 억제 효과 매우 낮은 내성률 (lowest) - 1 년 :0%, 3,4,5 년 : 1.2% ( 라미부딘 내성 : 1%, 11%, 27%, 41%, 43% - 5 년 ) 동물실험 ( 종양 ) 텔비부딘 안전 -FDA 임신 중 사용 가능성 : B 강력한 바이러스 억제 효과 내성률 : 중간 (intermediate) -1 년 : 2.2-5%, 2 년 : 11-25% 근육병, 말초신경병 테노포비어 강력한 효과 - 초치료 및 라미부딘 내성에도 효과 매우 낮은 내성률 (lowest) 안전 –FDA: B( 임신 ) s 항원 반응 ( 소실 ): 3% 장기성적 부족 Fanconi syndrome, 신기능 저하 골밀도 저하 클레부딘 강력한 효과 투약 중단 후에도 항바이러스 효과 지속 장기성적 부족 근육병 내성률 – 1 년 : 1.3%

용어와 정의 약제내성의 결과 내성 발생기전과 영향인자 내성의 치료 내성의 예방 만성 B 형 간염 : 약제내성과 관리

1.Locarnini S et al. Antiviral Therapy 2004; 9:679– EASL Guidelines. J Hepatol 2009; log Change in HBV DNA (log 10 IU/mL) Nadir Virologic Breakthrough Months 0618 Primary Non-response Partial Virologic Response Antiviral Drug 치료 실패 : 분류 3

Primary Non-Response 정의 : HBV DNA 감소 < 1 log 10 IU/mL after 12 wk of Rx ( 유럽간학회 ) < 2 log 10 IU/mL after 24 wk of Rx ( 미국간학회 ) 의미 : Compliance 문제 Antiviral activity 문제 치료 : Switch to an more potent drug Add-on Rx

EASL Guidelines. J Hepatol 2009; Lampertico, P. J of Hepatology 2009: 50: 정의 : HBV DNA 감소 > 1 log 10 IU/ml, but detectable by real-time PCR after 24 weeks (LAM, LdT, ADV) or 48 weeks (ETV, TDF) 의미 : Compliance 문제 향후 약제 내성 발생 가능성 증가 치료 : Switch to an more potent drug Add-on Rx Partial Virological Response

Virologic Breakthrough 정의 : HBV DNA 증가 > 1 log 10 copies/mL compared with lowest value during Rx 적어도 1 달 간격으로 두번 확인 의미 : compliance 문제 약제 내성의 문제

1. Lok ASF, et al. Hepatology. 2007;45: Fung S & Lok A. Antivir Ther. 2004;9:1013– Leung NWY, Hepatology. 2001;33: Zoulim F, et al. Antiviral Res. 2004;64: Sheldon J & Soriano V. J Antimicrob Chemotherapy 2008;4: Pawlotsky JM, et al. Gastroenterology 2008;134: Virologic breakthrough 1 Biochemical breakthrough: ALT flares, 1,2 Decreased HBeAg seroconversion 3 Resistant viruses may escape vaccination 5 Progression of liver disease 6 Hepatic decompensation Hepatocellular carcinoma Limits future treatment option Resistance to antiviral therapy can compromise treatment goals

Viral factors Drug factors Host factors 약제 내성 발현에 영향을 주는 인자

High Viral Mutation Frequency : HBV High viral mutation frequency - lacks of proofreading activity - 10 folds vs other DNA viruses High rate of viral replication - > virions /day Diverse mixture of viral quasispecies

Potency of antiviral agent and selection pressure Antiviral potency Mutation rate Low potency Modest potencyHigh potency ADV ETV/ TDF low selection pressure increased selection pressure complete suppression of virus LAM/ LdT/ CLV Selective Pressure by Antiviral Agent

Incidence of HBV Resistance EASL Clinical practice guidelines, J Hepatol 2009

LAM Genetic barrier exerted by antiviral agents ETV or TDF A drug which needs multiple site mutations for resistance has a high genetic barrier  the resistance rate is low. A drug which needs single site mutation for resistance has a low genetic barrier.  the resistance rate is high. Genetic barrier of antiviral agent

LAM ADV Genetic barrier exerted by antiviral agents Combination of two drugs can lead to increase of genetic barrier. Genetic barrier of antiviral agent

LAM ETV Genetic barrier exerted by antiviral agents Sequential antiviral therapy may lower the genetic barrier.

약제 내성 발생 : 관련 인자 Pretreatment HBV DNA level Rapidity of viral suppression - suboptimal suppression Duration of treatment Prior exposure to NUCs therapies

Three Groups of NUCs - Structure Characteristics - L-nucleosides Lamivudine, Telbivudine, Clevudine, Emtricitabine Alkyl phosphonates Adefovir, Tenofovir D-cyclopentane Entecavir # Resistance and cross resistance : structure specific

Virologic Breakthrough : 치료 환자의 compliance 확인 가능한 조기에 약제 내성 검사 가능한 조기에 내성 치료 시작 C ross-resistance 가 없는 구조적으로 다른 계열의 NUCs 와 combo

KASL 2007 EASL 2009 AASLD 2009 LAMr Add or switch to ADV Switch to ETV Add TDF (ADV) Add ADV or TDF Switch to Truvada* ADVr Add LAM Add or switch to ETV Switch to TDF(ADV) and add a 2 nd drug w/o cross-resistance - N236T: add LAM, ETV, or LdT or switch to Truvada* - A181T/V: add ETV or switch to Truvada* Add LAM Switch to Truvada* Switch to or add ETV ETVr Switch to or add ADV Add TDF Switch to TDF or Truvada* CLVr Add or switch to ADV Switch to ETV N/S LdTr Add or switch to ADV Switch to ETV Add TDF(ADV) Add ADV or TDF Stop LdT, switch to Truvada* Lee KS, et al. Kor J Hepatology 2007;13: ; European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 2009;50:227-42; Lok ASF, McMahon BJ. Hepatology. 2009;50:1-36. *Truvada: combination pill with emtricitabine 200mg and tenofovir 300mg 내성 환자의 치료 ( 진료지침 )

약제 내성 : 예방 Avoid inappropriate antiviral therapy Select drug with the highest potency and a high genetic barrier to resistance Initiate Rx with combination therapy ? Minimize sequential monotherapy Change therapy early for partial virologic response Reinforce compliance