Abnormal Psychology Mr. Mac Ch. 16 Psychological Disorders (coon)

Basic Ideas  Normality is relative= a social construct  Psychological disorders do exist  Goals of Psychopathology:  Identify/Classify  Explain  Treat  “The scientific study of mental and emotional disorders”

Fun Facts  1 out of 100 will need hospitalization some time for Mental Illness  3-6% of old people suffer Mental Illness due to age  7% of population has anxiety related disorders  1 in 8 school age children are maladjusted  10-20% of all adults suffer major depression  2 million people are admitted for psychiatric treatment

AP Outline: Abnormal Psychology  Definitions of Abnormality  Theories of Psychopathology  Diagnosis of Psychopathology  Anxiety Disorders  Somatoform Disorders  Mood Disorders  Schizophrenic Disorders  Organic Disorders  Personality disorders  Dissociative Disorders

Questions:  How is normality defined?  What are the major psychological disorders?  Characteristics of:  Personality, Anxiety based, Psychotic, Delusional, Schizophrenia disorders?  What characterizes depression?

What’s the Difference between Normal and Abnormal behavior?  Subjective-Social Construct/social norms  Statistically Normal or abnormal  Bell curve  Situational factors  Cultural Factors  Gender Stereotypes

Definitions of Abnormality  Components  Abnormal behavior is unusual- deviant statistically  Maladaptive  interferes with person’s ability to function in given situations.  Peopl lose their ability control thoughts, feelings and actions  Labeled Abnormal  Characterized by  Perceptual or cognitive dysfunction

Stigma of Mental Ilness  Psychiatric Labeling (problem in how society views mental illness)  Skew’s the way people are evaluated, expectancies are created  Example: Rosenhan Study (Stanford)

Theories of Psychopathology: Causes of abnormal behavior  Psychoanalytical  Humanistic  Cognitive  Behavioral  Psycho-physiological  Socio-cultural

Freud- Psychoanalytical  Freud- Psychoanalytical  Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are responsible for abnormal behavior.  Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in childhood  Subconscious conflicts  Fixations  Repression…

Humanistic-  Rogers and Maslow  Being too sensitive to criticism & judgment of others  Related to people unable to accept their own nature  Feelings of isolation due to lack of positive self-regard (also-external)

Cognitive  Abnormal thought = distortions lead to misconceptions-misinterpretations  Treatment = change content of thought  Change ways thoughts are processed

Behavioral- Abnormal behavior  Pavlov/Watson/Skinner  Is learned  Has been rewarded or reinforced  Is a pattern  Treatment- unlearn maladaptive behavior  Modify the learned response

Psycho-physiological  Abnormal brain function  Chemical or structural issues  Treatment- Medication

Classifying Mental Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Mental Disorder Defined: “A significant impairment in psychological functioning ”

DSM- IV  Axis I: Clinical Disorders and other Conditions (disorders Usually first diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence)  Learning Disorders  Motor Skill Disorder  Communication Disorders  Pervasive Developmental Disorder  Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders  Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or early childhood  Tic Disorders (tourettes)  Elimination Disorders  Other disorders (separation anxiety…

Axis 1 continued  Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Mental  Substance Related Disorders  Alcohol, Caffeine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Hallucinogen…etc  Schizophrenia and other Psychotic related Disorders  Mood Disorders (Depression, Bi-polar)  Anxiety Disorders (Panic Disorder)  Somatoform Disorders (Conversion Disorder, Hypochondriasis)  Factitous Disorder (Munchausen Disorder)  Dissociative Disorders  Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders  Eating Disorders (Bulimia)  Sleep Disorders  Impulse Control Disorders

AXIS II  Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation  Paranoid Personality  Anti-Social Personality  Borderline  Histrionic  Narcissistic  Avoidant  Dependent  Obsessive Compulsive

Diagnosis of Psychopathology  DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual  Published by APA- (American Psychological Association)  Used to diagnose  5 Dimensions  Serves as a guide 1. Axis 1 Major Disorders  Schizophrenia  Delirium, dementia= perceptual and cognitive disruption  Eating Disorders  Anorexia + Bulimia  Sleeping disorders- that impact behavior  Including brain + other physical disorders

DSM IV- Axis II: Personality Disorders  Avoidant and Dependent Personality

DSM IV- AXIS III: Physical Disorders  Disorders that impact brain + and other physical disorders

DSM IV- Axis IV: Assesses level of Stress  Assess level of psychological stress based on factors from first 3 levels

DSM IV- Axis 5: Overall Assessment of Functioning  Person’s level of functioning used to diagnose abnormal behavior

Anxiety Disorders  Feelings of tensions + Nervousness  Sometimes panic attacks  Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic fear, desire to escape  Physiologically-  Sweating  Heart rate UP  Feeling of being paralyzed with fright  Panic Disorder

Anxiety Disorders 2  Panic Disorder  Recurring panic attacks  Worry of panic attacks  Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD)  Obsessions- Involuntary persistent thoughts  Compulsions- repetitive behaviors that are time consuming and maladaptive  Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time and thought associated)

Anxiety Disorders 3  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  Caused by exposure to trauma- violence, war, death, suffering  Description: recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to the trauma  Causes decreased ability to function  Causes general detachment from reality

Anxiety Disorders 4  Phobias- persistent and irrational fear of common events  Agoraphobia- fear of being in open spaces/public spaces  Escape is perceived to be difficult  Phobias Web Site Phobias Web Site Phobias Web Site

Somatoform Disorders  Psychosomatic (Brain and Body)  Means a psych disorder affects the body  Characterized by physical manifestations  Example  Conversion Disorder  Pscyh disorder  Where a deficit of physiological function  Paralysis or blindness  Freud said – cause by psychological conflicts  If resolved it would end the physical problem

Somatoform Disorders 2  Hypochondrias  A person who irrationally concerned with having a serious disease  Person imagines symptoms +  Seeks treatment

Mood Disorders  Extreme disturbances of emotional balance  2 types  Depression  Bipolar Disorder

Mood Disorders 2  Depression or (Uni-polar)  Symptoms:  Depressed mood  General lack of interest in usual things  Possible thoughts of death or suicide  Low sense of self worth  Low energy  Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be major depression  Situational factors may cause or increase Biological Factor: Linked to low level of serotonin

Mood Disorders 3  Bipolar Disorder  A number of forms  1 st most common = Major depression but with infrequent Manic Episodes  2 nd (rare) Manic- characterized by:  extreme talkativeness  increased self esteem  Excessive pleasure seeking  Lack of sleep  3 rd. Cycle- Normal Manic Depression  Ups and downs  Biology-  Both men and women  Runs in families  Associated with Acetylcholine  Seasonal winter depression  “Seasonal Affective Disorder”

Schizophrenic Disorders  Family of 5 disorders (types)  Common features  Delusions  Hallucinations  Disturbed- inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli 1.Disorganized Schizophrenia 2.Catatonic Schizophrenia 3.Paranoid Schizophrenia 4.Undifferentiated Schizophrenia 5.Residual Schizophrenia

Causes Schizophrenic Disorders

Disorganized Schizophrenia  Incoherent Speech  Flat or inappropriate emotional affect

Catatonic Schizophrenia  Stupor  Rigid body for extended periods

Paranoid Schizophrenia  Auditory hallucinations  Feelings of persecution  May feel as -  secret/hidden message in everyday items  Delusions of grandeur or persecution

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia  Multiple symptoms

Residual Schizophrenia  Not profoundly Schizophrenic  Display some schizo tendencies  Have had one or more schizo episodes

Organic Disorders  Caused by brain damage  Disease -  Dementia, Alzheimers  Chemicals -  drugs, alcohol dependence  “OBS” organic brain syndrome

Personality Disorders  Pervasive expression of extreme abnormal personality construct  Interferes with normal social functioning 1.Paranoid Personality 2.Anti-Social Personality 3.Narcissistic Personality 4.Dependent Personality 5.Histrionic Personality

Personality Disorders 2  Paranoid Personality  Extreme distrust and suspicion  Anti-social Personality  Disregard for rights and interests of others  Narcissistic  Self Pre-occupation  Need for others to focus on oneself  Dependent Personality  A need to be cared for  Histrionic Personality  Excessive emotional reactions and excitability  Need for attention

Dissociative Disorder  Deals with dysfunction of memory or altered sense of identity  3 main types 1.Amnesia 2.Fugue 3.Identity disorders

Dissociative Disorder: Amnesia  Sudden loss of memory  Precipitated by traumatic event  Anterograde- loss of memory after trauma  Retrograde- loss of memory before trauma

Dissociative Disorder: Fugue  Sudden Complete loss of identity caused by stress  Then a new identity is formed  People often leave home and find new identity.

Dissociative Disorder: Identity Disorder= Multiple Personalities  Appearance of 2 or more distinct identities in one person  Identities may or may not be aware of the others  Personality that manifests may be -  based on context

Disorder Treatment/Methods of Therapy  Anxiety Disorders o Panic Disorder o Generalized anxiety disorder o Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) o Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  Somatoform Disorders o Somatization disorder o Conversion disorder o Hypochondriasis  Dissociative Disorders o Dissociative amnesia o Dissociative fugue o Dissociative identity disorder  Mood Disorders o Major depressive disorder o Seasonal affective disorder o Bipolar disorder  Schizophrenia o Disorganized schizophrenia o Paranoid schizophrenia o Catatonic schizophrenia o Undifferentiated schizophrenia  Personality Disorders (choose specific disorder in the following categories) o Odd/eccentric o Dramatic/emotionally problematic o Chronic fearfulness/avoidant  Developmental Disorders o Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) o Autism o Anorexia nervosa o Bulimia nervosa  Psychodynamic Psychotherapy o Contemporary psychoanalysis  Humanistic Psychotherapy o Client-centered therapy o Gestalt Therapy  Behavior Therapy o Behavioral Therapies that Emphasize Classical Conditioning o Systematic Desensitization and Exposure Techniques o Aversion Conditioning  Behavioral Therapies that Emphasize Operant Conditioning  Cognitive-Behavior Therapy o Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy  Cognitive Therapy  Group Therapy o Group/Family Therapy  Biomedical Therapy o Psychosurgery o Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)  Psychoactive Drugs o Antipsychotics o Antidepressants o Anxiety medications o Lithium