AFRICAN RESISTANCE G.B. outlawed slavery in 1833 Freed slaves helped G. B. conquer other groups. G. B. then pitted tribes against each other. Royal Niger Company – got control of the palm oil trade right along the Niger River.

NIGERIA Culturally diverse ethnic groups Hausa-Fulani – Yoruba – Igbo Spoke different languages Different cultures Different religions

NIGERIA Hausa-Fulani- Muslim Had strong central government

NIGERIA Igbo & Yoruba Yoruba habitual enemies G.B. didn’t have enough troops to monitor tribes and hold power. Used indirect rule by appointing chiefs in certain areas that did not normally have chiefs. G.B. restricted their power Undermined their authority.

AFRICAN RESISTANCE Most resistance was met overwhelming defeat. Algeria fought against France for 50 yrs West Africa – Samori Toure´ directed fighting against the French for 16 yrs

GERMAN COLONIES East African tribes were unsuccessful in their struggle against the Germans Germans forced the African people to plant cash crops like rubber and cotton. Did not allow tribes to plant crops for food resulting in mass famine. Africans rebelled when they believed that a special holy water protected them from the German bullets being shot from machine guns – resulting in a huge massacre 26,000 African deaths Known as the Majj-Majj Rebellion

ETHIOPIA The only successful resistance movement against the Italians Led by Menelik II who played the French, British and Italians against each other when they were competing to gain influence in Ethiopia. Menelik bartered for weapons from traders and stashed them

ETHIOPIA Menelik signed a treaty with Italy then found discrepancies in borders hidden in the Italian copy Ethiopia declared war on Italy and defeated them in the Battle of Adowa. Maintained independence

IMPACT OF COLONIAL RULE Positive – Reduced local warfare – Improved sanitation – Introduced Hospitals and Schools – Increased life expectancy – Increased literacy – Railroads – Dams – Telephone – Telegraph

IMPACT OF COLONIAL RULE Negative – Africans lost control of their lands – Famines – resulted from mandatory farming of Cash Crops and not food crops – Breakdown of traditional cultures – Men forced to move from villages to cities to work for cash to pay European taxes in European currency – Stable societies undermined by European condescension – Disease from Europeans killed Africans Small Pox Influenza

IMPACT OF COLONIAL RULE Boundaries drawn without regard to cultural differences Put rival groups into one state Imbalanced economies Stripped natural resources and left no industry for colonies Disrupted traditional governments Left set up for democracies military dictatorship took over

INDEPENDENCE FOR NIGERIA Nigeria gained independence in1960 Hausa-Fulani – Muslim – strong central government Igbo & Yoruba Christian and Animists farmers and used to a democratic type of government

Nigeria Nigeria adopted a federal system 3 states set up for each region and ethnic group with a corresponding political party Trouble in the Yoruba region with non Yoruba peoples who resented their rule They tried to secede and become independent Igbo army seized control of the capital city and declared Martial Law. Hausa-Fulani launched an attack against the Igbo Hausa-Fulani persecuted and murdered Igbo 1967 Biafra declared independence from Nigeria Civil war broke out 1967 Nigeria reunited in 1970

SOUTH AFRICA Dutch and English settlers agreed to discriminate against Black majority 1910 South Africa obtained Dominion status 1931 became an independent country and remained a commonwealth of G. B. Wrote a constitution and included gross bigotry.

SOUTH AFRICA 1948 National Party gained control and initiated the Apartheid Policy Apartheid means apart-ness in Afrikaner Dutch.

SOUTH AFRICA Apartheid – 1. No blacks allowed in White neighborhoods unless they work in the houses – 2. Blacks had to carry papers to identify themselves – 3. Blacks could not vote or own property – 4. White ownership of factories, mines and plantations and Blacks worked them. – 5. Blacks had to pay taxes in European currency so they had to go to work in the cities – They abandoned their families and villages to go to work

SOUTH AFRICA A. N. C. African National Congress was formed to gain rights for Blacks 1912 Sharpsville Massacre – 1960 – 69 killed Demonstrations against discrimination and the massacre were blamed on the ANC Nelson Mandela, the leader of ANC was arrested and sent to jail riots over school polices in black neighborhood Soweto 1977 Steve Biko was beaten to death while in police custody 1980’s South African Bishop Desmond Tutu influenced the world by getting countries to impose economic sanctions against South Africa South Africa banned from the Olympics Nobel Peace prize awarded to Desmond Tutu

SOUTH AFRICA PEACEFUL TRANSITION 1989 de Klerk was elected president Wanted to revamp the government 1990 Nelson Mandela released from prison 1991 South Africa repealed Apartheid 1994 Universal elections held and Mandela won 1996 New Constitution 1999 Mandela stepped down Thabo Mbeki won the election