The Renaissance A Time of “Rebirth” Thought Question Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

Wealth accumulated from European trade with the Middle East led to the rise of Italian city-states. Wealthy merchants were active civic leaders. Florence, Venice, & Genoa Italian city-states having access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern Markets Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe Were initially independent city-states governed as republics

Venice Florence Genoa

Rebirth of Ancient Greek & Roman cultures The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular.

Leading Renaissance Artists Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation. Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.

Michelangelo Statue of David (1501 – 1504) - constructed of marble left over from another sculptor - located in Florence, Italy Sistine Chapel (1475 – 1483) - summoned by Pope Julius II to paint ceiling (1508 – 1512); - painted the Last Judgment scene (1528) with himself in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew God Creates Adam

Leonardo da Vinci Close friends with Machiavelli Last Supper, 1498 (Milan, Italy) Mona Lisa (1503 – 1506) - portrait of a popular government official’s wife - entertained her by hiring local musicians to play for her while she posed - stolen in located in the Louvre (Paris, France)

Chapter 17, Section 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1.How did humanism influence the growth of learning? 2.How did ideas about piety and a simple life change? 3.What role did patrons of the arts play in the development of Renaissance ideas? 4.What effects did the emphasis on individuals have on painters & sculptors? 5.How did writers reflect Renaissance values in their work? 6.How did the writing of Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Machiavelli demonstrate the values of humanism?

Humanism Humanism celebrated the individual, was supported by wealthy patrons, and stimulated the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature and culture.

Niccolo Machiavelli Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule. The Prince was an early modern treatise on government. It supported the absolute power of the ruler. Advised that “the end justifies the means” One should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary.

Written in 1513 (published in 1532 five years after his death) Written to help him attain a position in the government Placed on the list of prohibited books by the Church 2 Common Themes : It is better to be feared than loved. The end justifies the means. The Prince by Machiavelli 6 Traits of an Effective Political Leader a willingness to imitate the behavior of great men the ability to illustrate how government is necessary to the well being of the populace (people) a dedication to the art of war (if only for survival) an understanding that apparent cruelties may be essential to maintaining stability and power prudence with respect to disbursement to one’s own wealth have the wisdom to seek advice and counsel only when it is needed

Francesco Petrarch 1304 – 1374 “Father Of Humanism” Soleasi Nel Mio Cor She ruled in beauty o'er this heart of mine, A noble lady in a humble home, And now her time for heavenly bliss has come, 'Tis I am mortal proved, and she divine. The soul that all its blessings must resign, And love whose light no more on earth finds room, Might rend the rocks with pity for their doom, Yet none their sorrows can in words enshrine; They weep within my heart; and ears are deaf Save mine alone, and I am crushed with care, And naught remains to me save mournful breath. Assuredly but dust and shade we are, Assuredly desire is blind and brief, Assuredly its hope but ends in death.

Desiderius Erasmus Theologian, priest, author Most famous humanist writer Wrote Praise of Folly, a critique against the Church

Sir Thomas More English lawyer Wrote Utopia, an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he describes as perfect or utopia

With the rise of trade, travel, and literacy, the Italian Renaissance spread to Northern Europe. The art and literature changed as people of different cultures adopted Renaissance ideas. In Northern Europe, growing wealth supported Renaissance ideas. Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity. The invention of the movable type printing press, by Johannes Gutenberg, and the production and sale of books (ex. Gutenberg Bible) helped to disseminate ideas.

Sample page produced by Gutenberg Printing Press

Italian vs. Northern Renaissance Italian RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance Subject matter: Classical mythology, religious scenes. Domestic interiors, portraits, religious scenes. Style: Symmetrical, balanced, good sense of mass, linear perspective. Attention to surface detail, naturalism. Known for: Figures with mass and volume, knowledge of underlying anatomy. Minute surface detail. Media: Fresco, tempera, oil.Oil on panel. Example: Michelangelo, Creation of Adam from the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding Portrait.

Write a 3-4 paragraph essay Use at least 3 of the DOCUMENTS in the essay Address the following: –Identify 3 key features of the Northern Ren. –Analyze what these features indicate about changes taking place in Europe at that time