Decolonization in Asia Decolonization in Asia

Ch. 39: The End of Empire I. The end of British colonial rule in India inspired other colonies to seek independence. inspired other colonies to seek independence. II. Vietnam A. Japan occupied Vietnam during WWII. A. Japan occupied Vietnam during WWII. B. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh declared B. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese independence from France in Vietnamese independence from France in The Vietnamese fought a guerilla The Vietnamese fought a guerilla war against the French, who capitulated at war against the French, who capitulated at Dienbienphu in Dienbienphu in 1954.

C. The Geneva peace agreement divided C. The Geneva peace agreement divided Vietnam and the 17 th parallel. Vietnam and the 17 th parallel. D. The U.S. and the Vietnam War (1960- D. The U.S. and the Vietnam War ( ): Non-communist South Vietnam 1974): Non-communist South Vietnam had to deal with a growing communist had to deal with a growing communist insurgency in the south. The insurgents insurgency in the south. The insurgents were supported by North Vietnam, the were supported by North Vietnam, the Soviet Union, and China. The U.S. decided Soviet Union, and China. The U.S. decided to help South Vietnam. to help South Vietnam.

1. President Lyndon Johnson ( President Lyndon Johnson ( ) greatly increased U.S. military 1968) greatly increased U.S. military support for the non-communist support for the non-communist government government 2. In 1969, President Nixon’s 2. In 1969, President Nixon’s Vietnamization sought to turn the Vietnamization sought to turn the conflict over to South Vietnam. conflict over to South Vietnam. 3. The United States withdrew in The United States withdrew in 1974 and South Vietnam fell to the and South Vietnam fell to the insurgents the next year. U.S. war insurgents the next year. U.S. war dead: 58,169. dead: 58,169.

Dwight Eisenhower ( )

John Kennedy ( )

Lyndon Johnson ( )

Richard Nixon ( )

Vietnam War

The Arab-Israeli conflict, The Arab-Israeli conflict, Page: 1108

III. Arab world, Palestine, and Israel A. Great Britain was the mandated power in A. Great Britain was the mandated power in Palestine after WWI (defeat of the Palestine after WWI (defeat of the Ottoman Empire). In the Balfour Ottoman Empire). In the Balfour Declaration, Great Britain committed Declaration, Great Britain committed itself to support a Jewish homeland in itself to support a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Palestine. B. Great Britain decided to withdraw from B. Great Britain decided to withdraw from Palestine in 1947 and turned the region Palestine in 1947 and turned the region over to the United Nations. The UN over to the United Nations. The UN agreed to partition Palestine into two agreed to partition Palestine into two states—one Arab, one Jewish. states—one Arab, one Jewish.

The Arab-Israeli conflict, The Arab-Israeli conflict, Page: 1108

C. Arabs rejected the partition plan. C. Arabs rejected the partition plan. D. Israel declared its independence in 1948 D. Israel declared its independence in 1948 and was attacked by five Arab countries. and was attacked by five Arab countries. Israel prevailed and increased the size of Israel prevailed and increased the size of its territories. its territories. E. Gamal Nasser of Egypt. E. Gamal Nasser of Egypt. 1. Seized power in a coup in Seized power in a coup in Sought to become the leader of pan- 2. Sought to become the leader of pan- Arab nationalism. Arab nationalism. 3. Nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, 3. Nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, which sparked military intervention by which sparked military intervention by Great Britain, France, and Israel. Great Britain, France, and Israel.

Gamal Nasser

The Arab-Israeli conflict, The Arab-Israeli conflict, Page: 1108

F. Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser in F. Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser in Made peace with Israel in Made peace with Israel in Assassinated in Assassinated in G. The Palestinian Liberation Organization G. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in It was led (PLO) was founded in It was led by Yasser Arafat until his death in by Yasser Arafat until his death in Today, the Palestinian Authority Today, the Palestinian Authority nominally governs part of Israeli nominally governs part of Israeli occupied territories. occupied territories.

Anwar Sadat

Yasser Arafat

H. Iran H. Iran 1. Islamic (Shiite) revolution replaced 1. Islamic (Shiite) revolution replaced Shah Reza Pahlavi with Ayatollah Shah Reza Pahlavi with Ayatollah Khomeini. Khomeini. I. Iran-Iraq War ( ) I. Iran-Iraq War ( ) J. Persian Gulf War (1991) resulted after J. Persian Gulf War (1991) resulted after Iraq invaded Kuwait in Iraq invaded Kuwait in K. U.S. invasion of Iraq in K. U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Shah of Iran (Reza Pahlavi)

Ayatollah Khomeini

Saddam Hussein

Iran-Iraq War

Decolonization in Africa. Decolonization in Africa.13

IV. Decolonization in Africa. A. Bloody conflict in Algeria between France A. Bloody conflict in Algeria between France and its supporters and the FLN and its supporters and the FLN (National Liberation Front). (National Liberation Front). B. “The Year of Africa”: By 1960, many B. “The Year of Africa”: By 1960, many African countries had gained African countries had gained independence from their European independence from their European colonial rulers. colonial rulers.

Jomo Kenyatta

V. South Africa. From 1948 to 1991, South V. South Africa. From 1948 to 1991, South Africa followed a system called apartheid, Africa followed a system called apartheid, which means separation of races. Nelson which means separation of races. Nelson Mandela, leader of the ANC (Africa National Mandela, leader of the ANC (Africa National Congress), led the movement to abolish the Congress), led the movement to abolish the apartheid system. He became South Africa’s apartheid system. He became South Africa’s first black president. first black president.

Nelson Mandela

VI. China A. In 1958 Mao implemented the “Great A. In 1958 Mao implemented the “Great Leap Forward,” in which China tried to Leap Forward,” in which China tried to overtake the industrial production of more overtake the industrial production of more developed nations. Government developed nations. Government controlled farming in communes replaced controlled farming in communes replaced privately owned farms. It was a privately owned farms. It was a disaster—15 million Chinese died of disaster—15 million Chinese died of starvation. In 1960, the “leap” was starvation. In 1960, the “leap” was discontinued. discontinued.

B. Cultural Revolution: To end influence B. Cultural Revolution: To end influence from moderates, Mao began the “Great from moderates, Mao began the “Great Cultural Revolution.” It lasted from 1966 Cultural Revolution.” It lasted from 1966 to Students loyal to Mao formed to Students loyal to Mao formed the “Red Guards.” the “Red Guards.”

Mao Zedong

Large painted portraits and statues of Mao Zedong were erected in public places all over China. Large painted portraits and statues of Mao Zedong were erected in public places all over China.

The Red Guards Most were 15 to 20 years old. Most were 15 to 20 years old. They were encouraged to turn in friends and family members who were against the revolution. They were encouraged to turn in friends and family members who were against the revolution.

Red Guards and Mao’s Little Red Book The Red Guards often beat and tortured people who owned western items (books, clothes, music, etc) The Red Guards often beat and tortured people who owned western items (books, clothes, music, etc) Mao’s Little Red Book contained his teachings about communism and China. Mao’s Little Red Book contained his teachings about communism and China.

Deng Xiaoping

Goddess of Democracy Goddess of Democracy Many students believed the United States had the ideal democratic nation, which is why they built the Goddess of Democracy similar to the Statue of Liberty. Many students believed the United States had the ideal democratic nation, which is why they built the Goddess of Democracy similar to the Statue of Liberty.

Overview of Tiananmen Square from the top of Tiananmen Gate Tower

Hu Jintao

Indira Gandhi

Rajiv Gandhi

Manmohan Singh

Pervez Musharraf

C. Deng Xiaoping took over after Mao died in C. Deng Xiaoping took over after Mao died in Communism remained but Deng Communism remained but Deng instituted capitalism (a free market instituted capitalism (a free market economy) like the United States. As a economy) like the United States. As a result, China’s economy has grown result, China’s economy has grown tremendously. tremendously.

D. Tiananmen Square massacre: In 1989: D. Tiananmen Square massacre: In 1989: hundreds of thousands filled Tiananmen hundreds of thousands filled Tiananmen Square in Beijing and called for democracy. Square in Beijing and called for democracy. Deng ordered the military to clear the area Deng ordered the military to clear the area and hundreds were killed. and hundreds were killed.

Goddess of Democracy Goddess of Democracy Many students believed the United States had the ideal democratic nation, which is why they built the Goddess of Democracy similar to the Statue of Liberty. Many students believed the United States had the ideal democratic nation, which is why they built the Goddess of Democracy similar to the Statue of Liberty.

Overview of Tiananmen Square from the top of Tiananmen Gate Tower

Dissent- 1989

E. Today, China is still run by the Communist E. Today, China is still run by the Communist Party, but its economy is increasingly Party, but its economy is increasingly similar to that found in democratic similar to that found in democratic countries. Current ruler: Hu Jintao countries. Current ruler: Hu Jintao

VII. India A. Indira Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter) served A. Indira Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter) served as India’s prime minister from 1966 to as India’s prime minister from 1966 to 1974 and from 1980 to and from 1980 to Her “green revolution” increased 1. Her “green revolution” increased agricultural output but drove many agricultural output but drove many small farmers to live in cities and in small farmers to live in cities and in poverty. poverty.

2. She faced a Sikh movement for more 2. She faced a Sikh movement for more autonomy in Punjab. The Indian autonomy in Punjab. The Indian army stormed the Golden Temple in army stormed the Golden Temple in Amritsar fighting against Sikh Amritsar fighting against Sikh separatists and hundreds were killed. separatists and hundreds were killed. She was assassinated in She was assassinated in 1984.

Indira Gandhi

B. Rajiv Gandhi (Indira’s son). B. Rajiv Gandhi (Indira’s son). 1. He faced ethnic and religious 1. He faced ethnic and religious problems concerning Sri Lanka. problems concerning Sri Lanka. That is, the Sinhalese (Buddhists) That is, the Sinhalese (Buddhists) were fighting against Tamils were fighting against Tamils (Hindus). (Hindus). 2. He was assassinated in He was assassinated in C. Current prime minister of India is C. Current prime minister of India is Manmohan Singh. Current president of Manmohan Singh. Current president of Pakistan is Pervez Musharraf. Pakistan is Pervez Musharraf.

Rajiv Gandhi

Manmohan Singh

Pervez Musharraf

Batista, Franco, Peron, Tito

Ch. 40 OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Countries EU: European Union NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement Global problems: population; hunger; poverty; desertification; terrorism; clean water; desertification; terrorism; clean water; civil conflict; nuclear proliferation civil conflict; nuclear proliferation

Death of Deng Xiaoping Death of Deng Xiaoping Died in Died in 1997.

Chinese Government Chinese Government Zhongnanhai- Headquarters of the Chinese government. Zhongnanhai- Headquarters of the Chinese government. Located in Beijing Located in Beijing

Shanghai Shanghai

Man pulling a rikshaw Man pulling a rikshaw

Pedicab

Movie Theater Movie Theater

Chinese Housing Chinese Housing New housing outside of Beijing. New housing outside of Beijing.

Children playing Monopoly Children playing Monopoly

American Influence: Hard Rock Café American Influence: Hard Rock Café

American Influence: Coca-cola American Influence: Coca-cola